算術 (さんじゅつ、英: arithmetic) は、数の概念や数の演算を扱い、その性質や計算規則、あるいは計算法などの論理的手続きを明らかにしようとする学問分野である。「算術」という日本語としては、文明開化前後の「数学」(mathematics) いわゆる西洋数学の本格的な輸入以前は、今日において和算と呼ばれているような、当時の、いわゆる「日本の数学」全般を指していた。
また、算術および "Arithmetic" の語は、数論を指し示す場合もある。
算術の中でも初等的な演算として後述する四則演算（しそくえんざん）がある。四則演算は加算（かさん、英: addition）、減算（げんさん、英: subtraction）、乗算（じょうさん、英: multiplication）、除算（じょさん、英: division）の4つの演算の総称であり、減算は加算の、除算は乗算の逆演算としてそれぞれ定義される。
四則演算[編集]
算術における加算 (addition)、減算 (subtraction)、乗算 (multiplication)、除算 (division) の4つの二項演算のことをあわせて、算術の四則（しそく）あるいは四則演算と称する。それぞれの演算にはもっぱら加算は +, 減算は －, 乗算は ×, 除算は ÷ の記号が用いられる。 四則演算のうち、加算と乗算は 0 を含む非負の整数の範囲、つまり自然数の範囲で自由に行うことができるが、減算と除算には制約がある。自然数の間の減算は、引く数が引かれる数より大きい場合を扱うことができない。また自然数の除算は、適切な剰余を定義しない限り、割る数が割られる数の約数でない場合を扱うことができない。減算の場合は扱う数を負の数を含んだ整数全体に捉え直すことで制限を解消することができる。たとえば 1 － 2 は自然数を与えないが、整数全体で演算を扱うなら、
1 － 2 = －1
と負の数を与えることができる。 除算については扱う数を有理数の範囲にすることで互いに素な整数の間でも演算を定義できる。たとえば －4 ÷ 3 は整数を与えないが、
－4 ÷ 3 =
－4
3
のように有理数を与える（
－4
3
のように表記された数は分数と呼ばれる）。従って、正負の有理数と 0 の数を扱うことで、自由な四則演算が可能になる。ただし、通常は除数を 0 とする除算は定義されない（ゼロ除算を参照）。
四則演算を特徴付ける性質には、交換法則・結合法則・分配法則などがあり、抽象代数学では四則演算が自由にできる集合のことを体という。有理数の全体、実数の全体、複素数の全体などは全て体である。
除算は乗算の逆の演算になっている; a × b = c ならば、a =
c
b
= c ÷ b, b =
c
a
= c ÷ a が成り立つ。a × b = 1 となるような乗法の逆元 b を a の逆数といい、
1
a
と表す。つまり、以下のように表せる。
a ×
1
a
=
1
a
× a = 1.
従って除算は除数の逆数に関する乗算に置き換えられる。
a ÷ b = a ×
1
b
.
減算は加算の逆の演算になっている; a + b = c ならば a = c － b, b = c － a であるから、乗算 × が加算 + に、除算 ÷ が減算 － に置き代わっただけで、乗算と除算の場合と全く同じことが起こっている。つまり、減算は加算の逆の演算である。ここから自然に、a + b = 0 となるような加法の逆元 b を考えることに導かれる。a の逆元 b は －a と表される（これは a の反数と呼ばれる）。つまり次のような関係が常に成り立つ。
a + (－a) = (－a) + a = 0.
数 a が正ならば －a は負の数であり、a が負ならば －a は正の数となる。また、a が 0 なら －a もまた 0 となる。 従って正の数の減算は負の数の加算に、負の数の減算は正の数の加算に置き換えられる。
a － b = a + (－b).
加法の逆元を与える演算子としての － と、2 数の間の減算を行う演算子としての － とでは、記号は同じだが行う操作と作用する項に違いがあるため、区別を要する場合には前者を単項のマイナス (unary minus operator)、後者を2項のマイナス (binary minus operator) と呼ぶ。
算術演算[編集]
コンピュータの用語として、論理和や論理積などを扱う論理演算に対して、四則演算に代表される数値を扱う演算を算術演算と呼ぶ。
また、右シフト操作において、その操作で空くビットに、最上位ビットを複製して埋めるシフトを算術シフト、0 で埋めるシフトを論理シフトと言う。これは歴史的にそのように呼ばれているが、符号付き (signed) のシフトと、符号無し (unsigned) のシフト、と呼ぶのが理にかなっている（符号付数値表現#2の補数）。
関連項目[編集]
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 300: New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0\\
(2016.05.22)}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\
Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\
%\date{\today}
\maketitle
{\bf Abstract: } In this announcement, for its importance we would like to state the
situation on the division by zero and propose basic new challenges.
\bigskip
\section{Introduction}
%\label{sect1}
By a {\bf natural extension} of the fractions
\begin{equation}
\frac{b}{a}
\end{equation}
for any complex numbers $a$ and $b$, we found the simple and beautiful result, for any complex number $b$
\begin{equation}
\frac{b}{0}=0,
\end{equation}
incidentally in \cite{s} by the Tikhonov regularization for the Hadamard product inversions for matrices and we discussed their properties and gave several physical interpretations on the general fractions in \cite{kmsy} for the case of real numbers.
The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628, however,
Sin-Ei Takahasi (\cite{kmsy}) established a simple and decisive interpretation (1.2) by analyzing the extensions of fractions and by showing the complete characterization for the property (1.2):
\bigskip
{\bf Proposition 1. }{\it Let F be a function from ${\bf C }\times {\bf C }$ to ${\bf C }$ satisfying
$$
F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad)
$$
for all
$$
a, b, c, d \in {\bf C }
$$
and
$$
F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a }, \quad a, b \in {\bf C }, a \ne 0.
$$
Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C } $
$$
F (b, 0) = 0.
$$
}
Note that the complete proof of this proposition is simply given by 2 or 3 lines.
\medskip
We thus should consider, for any complex number $b$, as (1.2);
that is, for the mapping
\begin{equation}
w = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $w=0$ ({\bf should be defined}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the point at infinity on the Riemann sphere. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to complex analysis and to our ideas for the space and universe.
However, the division by zero (1.2) is now clear, indeed, for the introduction of (1.2), we have several independent approaches as in:
\medskip
1) by the generalization of the fractions by the Tikhonov regularization or by the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse,
\medskip
2) by the intuitive meaning of the fractions (division) by H. Michiwaki,
\medskip
3) by the unique extension of the fractions by S. Takahasi, as in the above,
\medskip
4) by the extension of the fundamental function $W = 1/z$ from ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ into ${\bf C}$ such that $W =1/z$ is a one to one and onto mapping from $ {\bf C} \setminus \{0\} $ onto ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ and the division by zero $1/0=0$ is a one to one and onto mapping extension of the function $W =1/z $ from ${\bf C}$ onto ${\bf C}$,
\medskip
and
\medskip
5) by considering the values of functions with the mean values of functions.
\medskip
Furthermore, in (\cite{msy}) we gave the results in order to show the reality of the division by zero in our world:
\medskip
\medskip
A) a field structure containing the division by zero --- the Yamada field ${\bf Y}$,
\medskip
B) by the gradient of the $y$ axis on the $(x,y)$ plane --- $\tan \frac{\pi}{2} =0$,
\medskip
C) by the reflection $W =1/\overline{z}$ of $W= z$ with respect to the unit circle with center at the origin on the complex $z$ plane --- the reflection point of zero is zero,
\medskip
and
\medskip
D) by considering rotation of a right circular cone having some very interesting
phenomenon from some practical and physical problem.
\medskip
In (\cite{mos}), many division by zero results in Euclidean spaces are given and the basic idea at the point at infinity should be changed. In (\cite{ms}), we gave beautiful geometrical interpretations of determinants from the viewpoint of the division by zero. The results show that the division by zero is our basic and elementary mathematics in our world.
\medskip
See J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker \cite{bht} for the relationship between fields and the division by zero, and the importance of the division by zero for computer science. It seems that the relationship of the division by zero and field structures are abstract in their paper.
Meanwhile, J. P. Barukcic and I. Barukcic (\cite{bb}) discussed recently the relation between the divisions $0/0$, $1/0$ and special relative theory of Einstein. However, their logic seems to be curious and their results contradict with ours.
Furthermore, T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson (\cite{ra,ra2}) extend the system of the real numbers by introducing an ideal number for the division by zero $0/0$.
Meanwhile, we should refer to up-to-date information:
{\it Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough
Kurt Arbenz
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272022137 Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough.}
\medskip
Here, we recall Albert Einstein's words on mathematics:
Blackholes are where God divided by zero.
I don't believe in mathematics.
George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} [1]：
1. Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.
For our ideas on the division by zero, see the survey style announcements 179,185,237,246,247,250 and 252 of the Institute of Reproducing Kernels (\cite{ann179,ann185,ann237,ann246,ann247,ann250,ann252,ann293}).
\section{On mathematics}
Apparently, the division by zero is a great missing in our mathematics and the result (1.2) is definitely determined as our basic mathematics, as we see from Proposition 1. Note its very general assumptions and many fundamental evidences in our world in (\cite{kmsy,msy,mos}). The results will give great impacts on Euclidean spaces, analytic geometry, calculus, differential equations, complex analysis and physical problems. See our announcements for the details.
The mysterious history of the division by zero over one thousand years is a great shame of mathematicians and human race on the world history, like the Ptolemaic system (geocentric theory). The division by zero will become a typical symbol of foolish human race with long and unceasing struggles. Future people will realize this fact as a definite common sense.
We should check and fill our mathematics, globally and beautifully, from the viewpoint of the division by zero. Our mathematics will be more perfect and beautiful, and will give great impacts to our basic ideas on the universe.
\section{Albert Einstein's biggest blunder}
The division by zero is directly related to the Einstein's theory and various
physical problems
containing the division by zero. Now we should check the theory and the problems by the concept of the RIGHT and DEFINITE division by zero. Now is the best time since 100 years from Albert Einstein. It seems that the background knowledge is timely fruitful.
\section{Computer systems}
The above Professors listed are wishing the contributions in order to avoid the zero division trouble in computers. Now, we should arrange new computer systems in order not to meet the division by zero trouble in computer systems.
\section{General ideas on the universe}
The division by zero may be related to religion, philosophy and the ideas on the universe, and it will creat a new world. Look the new world.
\bigskip
We are standing on a new generation and in front of the new world, as in the discovery of the Americas.
\bigskip
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{bb}
J. P. Barukcic and I. Barukcic, Anti Aristotle—The Division of Zero by Zero. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, {\bf 4}(2016), 749-761.
doi: 10.4236/jamp.2016.44085.
\bibitem{bht}
J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker,
Meadows and the equational specification of division (arXiv:0901.0823v1[math.RA] 7 Jan 2009).
\bibitem{cs}
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{ms}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,
Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory (ALAMT)(to appear).
\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura, and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces.
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation
(in press).
\bibitem{ra}
T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,
Transdifferential and Transintegral Calculus,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014 Vol I
WCECS 2014, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francisco, USA
\bibitem{ra2}
T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,
Transreal Calculus,
IAENG International J. of Applied Math., {\bf 45}(2015): IJAM 45 1 06.
\bibitem{s}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
\bibitem{ann179}
Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.
\bibitem{ann185}
Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann237}
Announcement 237 (2015.6.18): A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by geometrical optics.
\bibitem{ann246}
Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.
\bibitem{ann247}
Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann250}
Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? - the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann252}
Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and
curvature - an interpretation by Mr.
Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by
zero $r/0 = 0$.
\bibitem{ann281}
Announcement 281(2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann282}
Announcement 282(2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.
\bibitem{ann293}
Announcement 293(2016.3.27): Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
また、算術および "Arithmetic" の語は、数論を指し示す場合もある。
算術の中でも初等的な演算として後述する四則演算（しそくえんざん）がある。四則演算は加算（かさん、英: addition）、減算（げんさん、英: subtraction）、乗算（じょうさん、英: multiplication）、除算（じょさん、英: division）の4つの演算の総称であり、減算は加算の、
四則演算[編集]
算術における加算 (addition)、減算 (subtraction)、乗算 (multiplication)、除算 (division) の4つの二項演算のことをあわせて、算術の四則（しそく）あるいは四則演算と称する。それぞれの演算にはもっぱら加算は +, 減算は －, 乗算は ×, 除算は ÷ の記号が用いられる。 四則演算のうち、加算と乗算は 0 を含む非負の整数の範囲、つまり自然数の範囲で自由に行うことができるが、減算と除算には制約がある。自然数の間の減算は、引く数が引かれる数より大きい場合を扱うことができない。また自然数の除算は、適切な剰余を定義しない限り、割る数が割られる数の約数でない場合を扱うことができない。減算の場合は扱う数を負の数を含んだ整数全体に捉え直すことで制限を解消することができる。たとえば 1 － 2 は自然数を与えないが、整数全体で演算を扱うなら、
1 － 2 = －1
と負の数を与えることができる。 除算については扱う数を有理数の範囲にすることで互いに素な整数の間でも演算を定義できる。たとえば －4 ÷ 3 は整数を与えないが、
－4 ÷ 3 =
－4
3
のように有理数を与える（
－4
3
のように表記された数は分数と呼ばれる）。従って、正負の有理数と 0 の数を扱うことで、自由な四則演算が可能になる。ただし、通常は除数を 0 とする除算は定義されない（ゼロ除算を参照）。
四則演算を特徴付ける性質には、交換法則・結合法則・分配法則などがあり、抽象代数学では四則演算が自由にできる集合のことを体という。有理数の全体、実数の全体、複素数の全体などは全て体である。
除算は乗算の逆の演算になっている; a × b = c ならば、a =
c
b
= c ÷ b, b =
c
a
= c ÷ a が成り立つ。a × b = 1 となるような乗法の逆元 b を a の逆数といい、
1
a
と表す。つまり、以下のように表せる。
a ×
1
a
=
1
a
× a = 1.
従って除算は除数の逆数に関する乗算に置き換えられる。
a ÷ b = a ×
1
b
.
減算は加算の逆の演算になっている; a + b = c ならば a = c － b, b = c － a であるから、乗算 × が加算 + に、除算 ÷ が減算 － に置き代わっただけで、乗算と除算の場合と全く同じことが起こっている。つまり、減算は加算の逆の演算である。ここから自然に、a + b = 0 となるような加法の逆元 b を考えることに導かれる。a の逆元 b は －a と表される（これは a の反数と呼ばれる）。つまり次のような関係が常に成り立つ。
a + (－a) = (－a) + a = 0.
数 a が正ならば －a は負の数であり、a が負ならば －a は正の数となる。また、a が 0 なら －a もまた 0 となる。 従って正の数の減算は負の数の加算に、負の数の減算は正の数の加算に置き換えられる。
a － b = a + (－b).
加法の逆元を与える演算子としての － と、2 数の間の減算を行う演算子としての － とでは、記号は同じだが行う操作と作用する項に違いがあるため、区別を要する場合には前者を単項のマイナス (unary minus operator)、後者を2項のマイナス (binary minus operator) と呼ぶ。
算術演算[編集]
コンピュータの用語として、論理和や論理積などを扱う論理演算に対して、四則演算に代表される数値を扱う演算を算術演算と呼ぶ。
また、右シフト操作において、その操作で空くビットに、最上位ビットを複製して埋めるシフトを算術シフト、0 で埋めるシフトを論理シフトと言う。これは歴史的にそのように呼ばれているが、符号付き (signed) のシフトと、符号無し (unsigned) のシフト、と呼ぶのが理にかなっている（符号付数値表現#2の補数）。
関連項目[編集]
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 300: New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0\\
(2016.05.22)}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\
Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\
%\date{\today}
\maketitle
{\bf Abstract: } In this announcement, for its importance we would like to state the
situation on the division by zero and propose basic new challenges.
\bigskip
\section{Introduction}
%\label{sect1}
By a {\bf natural extension} of the fractions
\begin{equation}
\frac{b}{a}
\end{equation}
for any complex numbers $a$ and $b$, we found the simple and beautiful result, for any complex number $b$
\begin{equation}
\frac{b}{0}=0,
\end{equation}
incidentally in \cite{s} by the Tikhonov regularization for the Hadamard product inversions for matrices and we discussed their properties and gave several physical interpretations on the general fractions in \cite{kmsy} for the case of real numbers.
The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628, however,
Sin-Ei Takahasi (\cite{kmsy}) established a simple and decisive interpretation (1.2) by analyzing the extensions of fractions and by showing the complete characterization for the property (1.2):
\bigskip
{\bf Proposition 1. }{\it Let F be a function from ${\bf C }\times {\bf C }$ to ${\bf C }$ satisfying
$$
F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad)
$$
for all
$$
a, b, c, d \in {\bf C }
$$
and
$$
F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a }, \quad a, b \in {\bf C }, a \ne 0.
$$
Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C } $
$$
F (b, 0) = 0.
$$
}
Note that the complete proof of this proposition is simply given by 2 or 3 lines.
\medskip
We thus should consider, for any complex number $b$, as (1.2);
that is, for the mapping
\begin{equation}
w = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $w=0$ ({\bf should be defined}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the point at infinity on the Riemann sphere. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to complex analysis and to our ideas for the space and universe.
However, the division by zero (1.2) is now clear, indeed, for the introduction of (1.2), we have several independent approaches as in:
\medskip
1) by the generalization of the fractions by the Tikhonov regularization or by the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse,
\medskip
2) by the intuitive meaning of the fractions (division) by H. Michiwaki,
\medskip
3) by the unique extension of the fractions by S. Takahasi, as in the above,
\medskip
4) by the extension of the fundamental function $W = 1/z$ from ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ into ${\bf C}$ such that $W =1/z$ is a one to one and onto mapping from $ {\bf C} \setminus \{0\} $ onto ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ and the division by zero $1/0=0$ is a one to one and onto mapping extension of the function $W =1/z $ from ${\bf C}$ onto ${\bf C}$,
\medskip
and
\medskip
5) by considering the values of functions with the mean values of functions.
\medskip
Furthermore, in (\cite{msy}) we gave the results in order to show the reality of the division by zero in our world:
\medskip
\medskip
A) a field structure containing the division by zero --- the Yamada field ${\bf Y}$,
\medskip
B) by the gradient of the $y$ axis on the $(x,y)$ plane --- $\tan \frac{\pi}{2} =0$,
\medskip
C) by the reflection $W =1/\overline{z}$ of $W= z$ with respect to the unit circle with center at the origin on the complex $z$ plane --- the reflection point of zero is zero,
\medskip
and
\medskip
D) by considering rotation of a right circular cone having some very interesting
phenomenon from some practical and physical problem.
\medskip
In (\cite{mos}), many division by zero results in Euclidean spaces are given and the basic idea at the point at infinity should be changed. In (\cite{ms}), we gave beautiful geometrical interpretations of determinants from the viewpoint of the division by zero. The results show that the division by zero is our basic and elementary mathematics in our world.
\medskip
See J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker \cite{bht} for the relationship between fields and the division by zero, and the importance of the division by zero for computer science. It seems that the relationship of the division by zero and field structures are abstract in their paper.
Meanwhile, J. P. Barukcic and I. Barukcic (\cite{bb}) discussed recently the relation between the divisions $0/0$, $1/0$ and special relative theory of Einstein. However, their logic seems to be curious and their results contradict with ours.
Furthermore, T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson (\cite{ra,ra2}) extend the system of the real numbers by introducing an ideal number for the division by zero $0/0$.
Meanwhile, we should refer to up-to-date information:
{\it Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough
Kurt Arbenz
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272022137 Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough.}
\medskip
Here, we recall Albert Einstein's words on mathematics:
Blackholes are where God divided by zero.
I don't believe in mathematics.
George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} [1]：
1. Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.
For our ideas on the division by zero, see the survey style announcements 179,185,237,246,247,250 and 252 of the Institute of Reproducing Kernels (\cite{ann179,ann185,ann237,ann246,ann247,ann250,ann252,ann293}).
\section{On mathematics}
Apparently, the division by zero is a great missing in our mathematics and the result (1.2) is definitely determined as our basic mathematics, as we see from Proposition 1. Note its very general assumptions and many fundamental evidences in our world in (\cite{kmsy,msy,mos}). The results will give great impacts on Euclidean spaces, analytic geometry, calculus, differential equations, complex analysis and physical problems. See our announcements for the details.
The mysterious history of the division by zero over one thousand years is a great shame of mathematicians and human race on the world history, like the Ptolemaic system (geocentric theory). The division by zero will become a typical symbol of foolish human race with long and unceasing struggles. Future people will realize this fact as a definite common sense.
We should check and fill our mathematics, globally and beautifully, from the viewpoint of the division by zero. Our mathematics will be more perfect and beautiful, and will give great impacts to our basic ideas on the universe.
\section{Albert Einstein's biggest blunder}
The division by zero is directly related to the Einstein's theory and various
physical problems
containing the division by zero. Now we should check the theory and the problems by the concept of the RIGHT and DEFINITE division by zero. Now is the best time since 100 years from Albert Einstein. It seems that the background knowledge is timely fruitful.
\section{Computer systems}
The above Professors listed are wishing the contributions in order to avoid the zero division trouble in computers. Now, we should arrange new computer systems in order not to meet the division by zero trouble in computer systems.
\section{General ideas on the universe}
The division by zero may be related to religion, philosophy and the ideas on the universe, and it will creat a new world. Look the new world.
\bigskip
We are standing on a new generation and in front of the new world, as in the discovery of the Americas.
\bigskip
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{bb}
J. P. Barukcic and I. Barukcic, Anti Aristotle—The Division of Zero by Zero. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, {\bf 4}(2016), 749-761.
doi: 10.4236/jamp.2016.44085.
\bibitem{bht}
J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker,
Meadows and the equational specification of division (arXiv:0901.0823v1[math.RA] 7 Jan 2009).
\bibitem{cs}
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{ms}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,
Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory (ALAMT)(to appear).
\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura, and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces.
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation
(in press).
\bibitem{ra}
T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,
Transdifferential and Transintegral Calculus,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014 Vol I
WCECS 2014, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francisco, USA
\bibitem{ra2}
T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,
Transreal Calculus,
IAENG International J. of Applied Math., {\bf 45}(2015): IJAM 45 1 06.
\bibitem{s}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
\bibitem{ann179}
Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.
\bibitem{ann185}
Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann237}
Announcement 237 (2015.6.18): A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by geometrical optics.
\bibitem{ann246}
Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.
\bibitem{ann247}
Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann250}
Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? - the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann252}
Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and
curvature - an interpretation by Mr.
Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by
zero $r/0 = 0$.
\bibitem{ann281}
Announcement 281(2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann282}
Announcement 282(2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.
\bibitem{ann293}
Announcement 293(2016.3.27): Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
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