Be brave, go ahead and divide by zero
Posted on May 14, 2009 by Ethan
When you learned division in school, the teacher probably brushed off the issue of dividing by zero in one sentence: you can’t do it, moving on. You might feel like you got shortchanged by that explanation. Why not? What happens when you divide by zero?
You can’t ask the computer. Computers fail when you ask them questions with no unambiguous answer. Dividing by zero is just such a question. Folklore suggests that asking the computer to divide by zero makes it spectacularly explode or something. In reality, it returns an error message or the reply Not A Number, or it gives a wrong answer, or the program terminates, or sometimes the machine falls into an infinite loop.
The internet’s favorite divide-by-zero error is the one that temporarily crippled the USS Yorktown, a Ticonderoga-class cruiser that was the test bed for the Navy’s Smart Ship program. When a crew member typed zero into a database field, the computer tried to divide by it, crashing the system badly enough to cripple the ship’s navigation systems for several hours.
Humans are smarter than computers in some ways, and we’re capable of coming up with creative answers to seemingly unanswerable questions. So what do you get when you divide something by zero? My answer draws heavily on the entertaining wikipedia article. For the sake of simplicity, let’s say we’re dividing one by zero. The math people have a crafty method for dealing with problems you can’t approach directly. You can edge closer and closer to the problem and see if you converge on an answer. So instead of dividing one by zero, you could try dividing it by smaller and smaller numbers that approach zero. One divided by one tenth is ten. One divided by one one-hundredth is a hundred. One divided by one one-thousandth is a thousand. Since one divided by one one-gazillionth is one gazillion, logic suggests that one divided by zero is going to be infinity.
It makes sense, but there’s a problem. We’ve been approaching zero from above, but we could just as easily approach it from below. When you divide one by negative one tenth, you get negative ten. One divided by negative one one-hundredth is negative one hundred. One divided by negative one gazillionth is negative one gazillion. So you could just as easily say that one divided by zero is negative infinity. Both infinity and negative infinity are equally valid answers. Here it is as a graph.
Some people interpret this graph to say that infinity and negative infinity are the same number. It’s not as crazy as it sounds. Let’s say that instead of being on the computer screen, the graph was drawn on a globe. Imagine the number line wrapped around the equator. Say the spot where the Prime Meridian crosses the equator is zero. If you’re in a rowboat bobbing in that spot in the Atlantic Ocean, enjoying the warm breeze, you can think of the positive numbers as going off along the equator to the east, and the negative numbers going off to the west. Infinity is the farthest possible point away from you on the equator to the east, and negative infinity is the farthest point away from you to the west. On the Earth, positive and negative infinity are the same place, the International Date Line in the Pacific. For this image to be totally accurate, the Earth would have to be infinitely large, but the math guys bracket that. By this thinking, one divided by zero does have a single, unambiguous answer: this mysterious number called unsigned infinity.
When you type “divide by zero” into Google images, you get a lot of stuff like this:
Our European-descended philosophical assumptions are at work here. Western thinkers prefer clear, unambiguous, yes-no dichotomies. Paradoxical and multiply-determined truths make us anxious. Some of the internet cartoons show dividing by zero ripping holes in the space-time continuum, forming black holes, or making your head explode. That much hyperbole has to conceal some pretty intense anxiety. I know these pictures are jokes, but I agree with Freud, on some level there are no jokes.
ゼロ除算の発見は日本です：
∞？？？
∞は定まった数ではない・
人工知能はゼロ除算ができるでしょうか：
とても興味深く読みました：2014年2月2日 4周年を超えました：
ゼロ除算の発見と重要性を指摘した：日本、再生核研究所
ゼロ除算関係論文・本
再生核研究所声明 462(2018.11.12): ゼロで割れるか、ゼロで割るー 任意の解析関数や数は ゼロで割ることが できる。
できる、できない、そのような事は、どのような意味で そうなのかを明確にする必要がある。 前提、仮定で結論はいろいろあるので、しっかり その意味をとらえる必要がある。 ゼロ除算が １３００年以上も未解決であったその理由は、1/0 の意味を曖昧にして、議論してきたためと言える。 希望的に それを未知の数と考えた方が 相当いて、混乱をしている。 ゼロ除算の本質は、実は その定義にあったと言える。 考え方で ゼロで割ることができます。 言ったことの意味を しっかりさせましょう。 考えていることの意味、本質をしっかりさせましょう。 勝手に誤解して、勝手に思い込んで 批判している人が 世間の問題でも結構いるように感じられる。 疑問は 問うて真実を明らかにしたい。
ゼロ除算、ゼロで割る問題、分からない、正しいのかなど、 良く理解できない人が 未だに 多いようです。
そこで、簡潔な一般的な 解説をまず行います。 分数a/b は a 割る b のことで、これは 方程式 b x=a の解のことです。これが常識的な数学界の定説です。
ところが、 b がゼロならば、 どんな xでも 0 x =0 ですから、a がゼロでなければ、解は存在せず、 従って 100/0 など、ゼロ除算は考えられない、できないとなってしまいます。 普通の意味では ゼロ除算は 不可能であるという、世界の常識、定説です。
できない、不可能であると言われれば、いろいろ考えたくなるのが、人間らしい創造の精神です。 基本方程式 b x=a において b がゼロならば解けない、解が存在しないので、困るのですが、このようなとき、従来の結果が成り立つように、従来の知られていた結果がそのまま成り立つようにして、解の考えを拡張して、解が考えられないか（形式不変の原理）と、数学者はよく考えて来ました。 何と、 そのような方程式は 何時でも唯一つに 一般化された意味で 解をもつと考える 方法があります。 Moore-Penrose 一般化逆の考え方です。 どんな行列でも 逆行列を唯一つに定める 一般的な 素晴らしい、自然な考えです。
その考えだと、 b がゼロの時、解はゼロが出るので、 a/0=0 と定義するのは 当然です。 すなわち、この意味で 方程式の解を考えて 分数を考えれば、ゼロ除算は ゼロとして定まる ということです。
ただ一つに定まるのですから、 この考えは 自然で、その意味を知りたいと 考えるのは、当然ではないでしょうか。
しかしながら、このように考えると、初等数学全般に影響を与える ユークリッド以来の新世界が 現れてきます。
他の考え方も幾つか述べて来ました。代数的にゼロ除算を含む体の構造を考える、高橋の一意性定理から拡張分数を定義するなど いろいろ考え方はあります。しかしながら、これらの導入、定義では割り算を拡張したという その存在と定義は しっかりしていますが、割り算の意味、導入された分数の意味がまだ 幻のようになっていて、 割った意味がどうなっているか 分からないと言えます。どのような意味で ゼロで 割れるのか その意味をさらに明確にしたい。 ここでは、その考えから、新しい考え方を述べたい。
先ず、ゼロ除算算法を導入します。ゼロ除算算法とは
We will introduce the division by zero calculus: For a Laurent expansion around $x=a$,
\begin{equation}
f(x) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1} C_n (x - a)^n + C_0 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} C_n (x - a)^n
\end{equation}
We consider as follows:
\begin{equation}
f(a) = C_0.
\end{equation}
For the correspondence for the function $f(x)$, we will call it the division by zero calculus. By considering derivatives, we can define any order derivatives of the function $f$ at the singular point $a$ as follows:
$$
f^{(n)}(a) = n! C_n.
$$
ゼロ除算算法とは 要するに孤立特異点をもつ解析関数に ローラン展開の係数C_0を対応させることです。 ゼロ除算算法は 本質的には定義であり、仮説であり、その重要性のゆえに公理のようなものである。 ― ここであるが、ゼロ除算については未だに 不信感を拭えない状況にあると考え、
再生核研究所声明 420(2018.3.2): ゼロ除算は正しいですか，合っていますか、信用できますか。 －
回答を纏めたが、相当な数学者が誤解していることが分かった。そもそも数学とは仮定、公理系を基礎に組み立てられる関係からなる理論体系全体が一つの数学であり、数学的な真偽は論理的な展開の完全性にあって、 数学を越えた真智とは異なり、数学界外における価値はその理論体系の影響、貢献による。数学者は己の好みで自由に論理体系を進めて数学を展開していく自由を有するが、それらの価値を外に向かって示すには、どのような貢献ができるかを絶えず具体的に示して行く必要がある。そのような努力を怠れば, 私はそのような数学には興味も関心も無いとして、無視されていくことになりかねない。その様な観点から、ゼロ除算の意義をいろいろ触れてきた。ゼロ除算算法の仮定からどのようなことが導かれ、どのような影響を与えるかをいろいろ触れてきている。ゼロ除算の仮定の意義の大きさは、その影響によるのであって、その真偽自身を数学では本質的に問わない（問えない）ということである。上記で、結果を吟味しながら応用して行くという態度をとれば、人は結果について安心できるのではないだろうか。
上記ゼロ除算算法が初等数学全般に影響を与えるばかりか、 アリストテレス、ユークリッド以来の空間の、世界観の変更を要求していることを ８００件を超える例で示していて、現代初等数学の変更が求められている。 ゼロ除算算法は新しい公理と言える。
先ず、基本的な関数W= F(z) = 1/zでは、ゼロ除算算法で次を得る：
$$
F(0) = 0.
$$
関数の形から、
$$
1/0 =0.
$$
ここで、 この等式は関数の形とゼロ除算算法から導かれたもので、1/0 は普通の意味、方程式 0 x=1 の解として得られたものではない。 基本関数の原点の値が定義されたものである。それを表している。
これが、1 を 0 で割ったものの値がゼロであるとの、ここでの意味であり、定義である。 神秘的に永い歴史を有するゼロ除算についての 一つの解答であるが、我々の解答は このような解釈をきちんと与えたことにある。
世に、ゼロで 割れるかの問題に対して、我々は、ここでは 次のように解答を与えたい （理論体系でいろいろな考え方、捉え方が存在する）：
原点 z=0 の近傍で、特異点を許す解析関数f(z) （もちろん、任意定数関数を含む）に対して、次の原点における値を ゼロ除算算法で定めることができる： 任意の正の整数ｎに対して、
$$
f(z)/z^n.
$$
例えば、
$$
（e^x/ x^n） (0) = 1/n!.
$$
この意味で、任意の解析関数や数は ゼロで割ることが できる。
以 上
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 412: The 4th birthday of the division by zero $z/0=0$ \\
(2018.2.2)}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\
Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\
}
\date{\today}
\maketitle
The Institute of Reproducing Kernels is dealing with the theory of division by zero calculus and declares that the division by zero was discovered as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$ in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).
In particular, Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we showed that his definition is suitable.
For the details, see the references and the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/
We wrote a global book manuscript \cite{s18} with 154 pages
and stated in the preface and last section of the manuscript as follows:
\bigskip
{\bf Preface}
\medskip
The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, H. G. Romig \cite{romig} and Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628. In particular, note that Brahmagupta (598 -668 ?) established the four arithmetic operations by introducing $0$ and at the same time he defined as $0/0=0$ in
Brhmasphuasiddhnta. Our world history, however, stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we will see that his definition is right and suitable.
The division by zero $1/0=0/0=z/0$ itself will be quite clear and trivial with several natural extensions of the fractions against the mysterously long history, as we can see from the concepts of the Moore-Penrose generalized inverses or the Tikhonov regularization method to the fundamental equation $az=b$, whose solution leads to the definition $z =b/a$.
However, the result (definition) will show that
for the elementary mapping
\begin{equation}
W = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $W=0$ ({\bf should be defined from the form}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the point at infinity on the Riemann sphere (\cite{ahlfors}). �As the representation of the point at infinity of the Riemann sphere by the
zero $z = 0$, we will see some delicate relations between $0$ and $\infty$ which show a strong
discontinuity at the point of infinity on the Riemann sphere. We did not consider any value of the elementary function $W =1/ z $ at the origin $z = 0$, because we did not consider the division by zero
$1/ 0$ in a good way. Many and many people consider its value by the limiting like $+\infty $ and $- \infty$ or the
point at infinity as $\infty$. However, their basic idea comes from {\bf continuity} with the common sense or
based on the basic idea of Aristotle. --
For the related Greece philosophy, see \cite{a,b,c}. However, as the division by zero we will consider its value of
the function $W =1 /z$ as zero at $z = 0$. We will see that this new definition is valid widely in
mathematics and mathematical sciences, see (\cite{mos,osm}) for example. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to calculus, Euclidean geometry, analytic geometry, differential equations, complex analysis in the undergraduate level and to our basic ideas for the space and universe.
We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics in our undergraduate level. Our common sense on the division by zero will be wrong, with our basic idea on the space and the universe since Aristotle and Euclid. We would like to show clearly these facts in this book. The content is in the undergraduate level.
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\bf Conclusion}
\medskip
Apparently, the common sense on the division by zero with a long and mysterious history is wrong and our basic idea on the space around the point at infinity is also wrong since Euclid. On the gradient or on derivatives we have a great missing since $\tan (\pi/2) = 0$. Our mathematics is also wrong in elementary mathematics on the division by zero.
This book is an elementary mathematics on our division by zero as the first publication of books for the topics. The contents have wide connections to various fields beyond mathematics. The author expects the readers write some philosophy, papers and essays on the division by zero from this simple source book.
The division by zero theory may be developed and expanded greatly as in the author's conjecture whose break theory was recently given surprisingly and deeply by Professor Qi'an Guan \cite{guan} since 30 years proposed in \cite{s88} (the original is in \cite {s79}).
We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics with our division by zero in our undergraduate level.
We have to change our basic ideas for our space and world.
We have to change globally our textbooks and scientific books on the division by zero.
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{ahlfors}
L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966.
\bibitem{cs}
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
\bibitem{guan}
Q. Guan, A proof of Saitoh's conjecture for conjugate Hardy H2 kernels, arXiv:1712.04207.
\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{ms16}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
\bibitem{ms18}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication)
\bibitem{mms18}
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.
\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.
\bibitem{osm}
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), {\bf 1}(2017), 70-77.
\bibitem{os}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).
\bibitem{o}
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International Journal of Geometry.
\bibitem{os18}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
(Submitted for publication).
\bibitem{ps18}
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.
\bibitem{romig}
H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,
American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. {\bf 3}1, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389.
\bibitem{s79}
S. Saitoh, The Bergman norm and the Szeg$\ddot{o}$ norm, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. {\bf 249} (1979), no. 2, 261--279.
\bibitem{s88}
S. Saitoh, Theory of reproducing kernels and its applications. Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics Series, {\bf 189}. Longman Scientific \& Technical, Harlow; copublished in the United States with John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., New York, 1988. x+157 pp. ISBN: 0-582-03564-3
\bibitem{s14}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
\bibitem{s16}
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .
\bibitem{s17}
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity、
arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).
\bibitem{s18}
S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus (154 pages: draft): （http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/）
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
\bibitem{a}
https://philosophy.kent.edu/OPA2/sites/default/files/012001.pdf
\bibitem{b}
http://publish.uwo.ca/~jbell/The 20Continuous.pdf
\bibitem{c}
http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath526/kmath526.htm
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
List of division by zero:
\bibitem{os18}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum.
Saburou Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity、
arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM]
arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM]
Hiroshi Okumura and Saburou Saitoh
The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. ２０１７．１１．１４
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, 2016, 6, 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication).
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.)
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. 6(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics).
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .
再生核研究所声明371（2017.6.27）ゼロ除算の講演― 国際会議 https://sites.google.com/site/sandrapinelas/icddea-2017 報告
1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12276045402.html
1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12263708422.html
1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
ソクラテス・プラトン・アリストテレス その他
Title page of Leonhard Euler, Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra, Vol. 1 (edition of 1771, first published in 1770), and p. 34 from Article 83, where Euler explains why a number divided by zero gives infinity.
私は数学を信じない。 アルバート・アインシュタイン / I don't believe in mathematics. Albert Einstein→ゼロ除算ができなかったからではないでしょうか。
ドキュメンタリー 2017: 神の数式 第２回 宇宙はなぜ生まれたのか
〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第3回 宇宙はなぜ始まったのか
〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第1回 この世は何からできているのか
NHKスペシャル 神の数式 完全版 第4回 異次元宇宙は存在するか
再生核研究所声明 411(2018.02.02): ゼロ除算発見4周年を迎えて
ゼロ除算の論文
Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity
Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity
Algebraic division by zero implemented as quasigeometric multiplication by infinity in real and complex multispatial hyperspaces
Author: Jakub Czajko, 92(2) (2018) 171-197
WSN 92(2) (2018) 171-197
Author: Jakub Czajko, 92(2) (2018) 171-197
WSN 92(2) (2018) 171-197
2018.3.18．午前中 最後の講演： 日本数学会 東大駒場、函数方程式論分科会 講演書画カメラ用 原稿
The Japanese Mathematical Society, Annual Meeting at the University of Tokyo. 2018.3.18.
https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12361744016.html より
The Japanese Mathematical Society, Annual Meeting at the University of Tokyo. 2018.3.18.
https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12361744016.html より
*057 Pinelas,S./Caraballo,T./Kloeden,P./Graef,J.(eds.):
Differential and Difference Equations with Applications:
ICDDEA, Amadora, 2017.
(Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 230)
May 2018 587 pp.
ゼロ除算の論文が２編、出版になりました：
ICDDEA: International Conference on Differential & Difference Equations and Applications
Differential and Difference Equations with Applications
ICDDEA, Amadora, Portugal, June 2017
• Editors
• (view affiliations)
• Sandra Pinelas
• Tomás Caraballo
• Peter Kloeden
• John R. Graef
Conference proceedingsICDDEA 2017
log0=log∞=0log0=log∞=0 and Applications
Hiroshi Michiwaki, Tsutomu Matuura, Saburou Saitoh
Pages 293-305
Division by Zero Calculus and Differential Equations
Sandra Pinelas, Saburou Saitoh
Pages 399-418
ICDDEA: International Conference on Differential & Difference Equations and Applications
Differential and Difference Equations with Applications
ICDDEA, Amadora, Portugal, June 2017
• Editors
• (view affiliations)
• Sandra Pinelas
• Tomás Caraballo
• Peter Kloeden
• John R. Graef
Conference proceedingsICDDEA 2017
log0=log∞=0log0=log∞=0 and Applications
Hiroshi Michiwaki, Tsutomu Matuura, Saburou Saitoh
Pages 293-305
Division by Zero Calculus and Differential Equations
Sandra Pinelas, Saburou Saitoh
Pages 399-418
ゼロ除算（division by zero）1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
2018年05月28日(月)
テーマ：数学
テーマ：数学
これは最も簡単な 典型的なゼロ除算の結果と言えます。 ユークリッド以来の驚嘆する、誰にも分る結果では ないでしょうか？
Hiroshi O. Is It Really Impossible To Divide By Zero?. Biostat Biometrics Open Acc J. 2018; 7(1): 555703. DOI: 10.19080/BBOJ.2018.07.555703
ゼロで分裂するのは本当に不可能ですか？ - Juniper Publishers
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