2018年2月17日土曜日

豊かな一年の実りを祈る「祈年祭(きねんさい)」!「五穀豊穣」の五穀とは?

豊かな一年の実りを祈る「祈年祭(きねんさい)」!「五穀豊穣」の五穀とは?

古くから暦の上では立春を春のはじまりとしています。旧暦では昨日より新年がスタートし、本日より春の耕作始めにあたり、五穀豊穣を祈る伊勢神宮のお祭り祈年祭がはじまっています。「としごいのまつり」とも呼ばれます。「とし」とは稲の美称であり、「こい」は祈りや願いで、お米を始めとする五穀の豊かな稔りを祈ることを意味します。
農耕が生活のすべてであった時代、豊作を祈ることは国家の安泰、国民の繁栄を祈ることに他なりませんでした。そのため祈年祭は国家規模で執り行われ、奈良時代の『延喜神名式(えんぎじんみょうしき)』によると、神宮を始め全国2,861社の神々に幣帛(へいはく)が奉られていました。「神嘗祭」「新嘗祭」とならぶ伊勢神宮の公式祭典です
本日は、GI値が低くミネラルや植物繊維が豊富で最近注目されてきたそんな 「五穀」にまつわるよもやま話をみていきましょう。

農業にまつわる祭典、伊勢神宮の「祈年祭」「神嘗祭」「新嘗祭」とは?

春に豊作を祈り、秋の収穫に感謝する稲作を中心とした営みを、日本人は2000年以上繰り返して来ました。

・祈年祭(きねんさい)
神宮では天照大御神をはじめとする神々にお食事をお供えする大御饌(おおみけ)の儀が早朝行われ、続いて勅使が天皇陛下の幣帛を奉る奉幣(ほうへい)の儀が行われます。祈年祭は両正宮に引き続き2月23日まで、すべての宮社で執り行われます。

・神嘗祭(かんなめさい)
年間1500回に及ぶ神宮の恒例のお祭りの中でも、最も重要なお祭りが神嘗祭です。
神嘗祭は、その年に収穫された新穀を最初に天照大御神にささげて、御恵みに感謝するお祭りで、神宮の最も由緒深い祭典です。浄闇の中、午後10時と午前2時の二度にわたって由貴大御饌の儀が行われ、神宮神田で清浄に栽培された新穀の御飯・御餅・神酒を始め、海の幸、山の幸をお供えし、明くる正午には、勅使をお迎えして奉幣の儀を奉仕します。御卜(みうら)、御神楽(みかぐら)などの諸祭を行います。神宮神田(じんぐうしんでん)で行われる神田下種祭(しんでんげしゅさい)、秋の抜穂祭(ぬいぼさい)、御酒殿祭(みさかどのさい)、御塩殿祭(みしおどのさい)、大祓(おおはらい)があり、神宮の年間の祭典は神嘗祭を中心に行われているといっても過言ではありません。五穀豊穣を祈るこのように神嘗祭は、諸神に先立ち収穫の感謝を天照大神に捧げ、翌11月に天皇陛下は新嘗祭を行われて天神地祇すべての神々に収穫を感謝されるのです。古来お米を主食として生きてきた日本人にとり、神嘗祭は重要な祭儀であり、その意義は今日も古代から一貫して変わることはありません。
お祭りでは秋の実りに感謝申し上げ、皇室の弥栄、五穀の豊穣、国家の隆昌、並びに国民の平安を祈願します

・新嘗祭(にいなめさい)
「しんじょうさい」ともいい、「新」は新穀を「嘗」は奉ること意味し、収穫された新穀を神に奉り、その恵みに感謝し、国家安泰、国民の繁栄をお祈りします。現在、このお祭りは毎年11月23日に宮中を始め、日本全国の神社で行われていますが、特に宮中では天皇陛下が自らお育てになった新穀を奉るとともに、御自(おんみず)からもその新穀をお召し上がりになります。収穫感謝のお祭りが11月下旬に行われるのは東北や北陸などの収穫を天皇が待っておられると説明されています。
神宮では神嘗祭で新穀が奉られるため、新嘗祭はありませんでしたが、明治5年に勅使が差遣されて行われたのが始まりです。

参拝時間内の祭典については、参道などからご覧になれます。 ※夜間の参拝停止時間中の祭儀は奉拝できません。
★参照 伊勢神宮公式ページ 年間行事

五穀豊穣の「五穀」とは?

「五穀豊穣」(穀物が豊かに実ること)では具体的な五種を指さず、穀物全般の総称として用いられています。
主要な産物として限定する場合も、時代や地域によって違っており、一定していないようです。また「穀物」の範疇に含まれない栽培作物、食用以外にも応用できる重要な栽培作物を「五穀」に加える例もあるようです。豆や麻などがしばしば五穀に挙げられたのはその典型です。日本においては、「いつつのたなつもの」あるいは「いつくさのたなつもの」とも読まれれることも。
現代においては、米・麦・粟・豆・黍(きび)または稗(ひえ)を指すことが多いようです。
これら五種をブレンドした米を五穀米(ごこくまい)と呼び、また、五穀米とは日本初の五穀米商品として石川商店から発売されている商品に使われている名称(登録商標)でもあります。

古来でいう五穀とは、
稲・麦・粟・大豆・小豆(『古事記』)
稲・麦・粟・稗・豆(『日本書紀』)
稲穀・大麦・小麦・則豆・白芥子 - 『成就妙法蓮華経瑜伽智儀軌』
大麦・小麦・稲穀・小豆・胡麻 - 『建立曼荼羅護摩儀軌』
米・麦・粟・黍・稗 - 『日葡辞書』
そして、近世に入ると、重要な作物の意味で「五穀」の言葉が用いられ、必ずしも5種類に限定されなくなりました。
稲・畠稲・麦・小麦・蕎麦・粟・黍・蜀黍・稗・大豆・赤小豆・緑豆・蚕豆・豌豆・ささ豆・へん豆・刀豆・胡麻・よくい - 『農業全書』

いずれにしても、主食は今のように白米に偏った食べ方ではなく、五穀のものをブレンドしたり、バランスよく食べられておりました。

五穀や雑穀は、ミネラル、食物繊維が豊富で低GI食品として注目されています!

続く・・・・・・・・

https://tenki.jp/suppl/yamamoto_komo/2018/02/17/27881.html

とても興味深く読みました:
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf  Announcement 412:  The 4th birthday of the division by zero $z/0=0$ \\
(2018.2.2)}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\
Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\
 }
\date{\today}
\maketitle
 The Institute of Reproducing Kernels is dealing with the theory of division by zero calculus and declares that the division by zero was discovered as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$ in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta  (598 - 668 ?).
In particular,  Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we showed that his definition is suitable.
 For the details, see the references and the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/

We wrote a global book manuscript \cite{s18} with 154 pages
 and stated in the preface and last section of the manuscript as follows:
\bigskip


{\bf Preface}
\medskip

 The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, H. G. Romig \cite{romig} and Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628. In particular, note that Brahmagupta (598 -668 ?) established the four arithmetic operations by introducing $0$ and at the same time he defined as $0/0=0$ in
Brhmasphuasiddhnta. Our world history, however, stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we will see that his definition is right and suitable.

 The division by zero $1/0=0/0=z/0$ itself will be quite clear and trivial with several natural extensions of the fractions against the mysterously long history, as we can see from the concepts of the Moore-Penrose generalized inverses or the Tikhonov regularization method to the fundamental equation $az=b$, whose solution leads to the definition $z =b/a$.

  However, the result (definition) will show that
      for the elementary mapping
\begin{equation}
W = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $W=0$ ({\bf should be defined from the form}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the  point at infinity on the Riemann sphere (\cite{ahlfors}). �As the representation of the point at infinity of the Riemann sphere by the
zero $z =  0$, we will see some delicate relations between $0$ and $\infty$ which show a strong
discontinuity at the point of infinity on the Riemann sphere. We did not consider any value of the elementary function $W =1/ z $ at the origin $z = 0$, because we did not consider the division by zero
$1/ 0$ in a good way. Many and many people consider its value by the limiting like $+\infty $ and  $- \infty$ or the
point at infinity as $\infty$. However, their basic idea comes from {\bf continuity} with the common sense or
based on the basic idea of Aristotle.  --
 For the related Greece philosophy, see \cite{a,b,c}. However, as the division by zero we will consider its value of
the function $W =1 /z$ as zero at $z = 0$. We will see that this new definition is valid widely in
mathematics and mathematical sciences, see  (\cite{mos,osm}) for example. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to calculus, Euclidean geometry, analytic geometry, differential equations,  complex analysis in the undergraduate level and to our basic ideas for the space and universe.

We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics in our undergraduate level. Our common sense on the division by zero will be wrong, with our basic idea on the space and the universe since Aristotle and Euclid. We would like to show clearly these facts in this book. The content is in the undergraduate level.

\bigskip
\bigskip

{\bf Conclusion}
\medskip


 Apparently, the common sense on the division by zero with a long and mysterious history is wrong and our basic idea on the space around the point at infinity is also wrong since Euclid. On the gradient or on derivatives we have a great missing since $\tan (\pi/2) = 0$. Our mathematics is also wrong in elementary mathematics on the division by zero.

This book is an elementary mathematics  on our division by zero as the first publication of  books for the topics. The contents  have wide connections to various fields beyond mathematics. The author expects the readers write some philosophy, papers and essays on the division by zero from this simple source book.

The division by zero theory may be developed and expanded greatly as in the author's conjecture whose break theory was recently given surprisingly and deeply by  Professor Qi'an Guan \cite{guan} since 30 years proposed  in \cite{s88} (the original is in \cite {s79}).

We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics with our division by zero  in our undergraduate level.

We have to change our basic ideas for our space and world.

We have to change globally our textbooks and scientific books on the division by zero.






\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{ahlfors}
L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966.


\bibitem{cs}
L. P.  Castro and S. Saitoh,  Fractional functions and their representations,  Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.

\bibitem{guan}
Q.  Guan,  A proof of Saitoh's conjecture for conjugate Hardy H2 kernels, arXiv:1712.04207.


\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math.  {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198,  DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

\bibitem{ms16}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes.   http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.

\bibitem{ms18}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication)

\bibitem{mms18}
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.

\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and  M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$.  IJAPM  International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
 Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
 International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue  1, 2017), 1-16.


\bibitem{osm}
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of   $0$ and  $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), {\bf 1}(2017),  70-77.

\bibitem{os}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).

\bibitem{o}
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International  Journal of Geometry.

\bibitem{os18}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
(Submitted for publication).

\bibitem{ps18}
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.

\bibitem{romig}
H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,
American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. {\bf 3}1, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389.


\bibitem{s79}
S. Saitoh, The Bergman norm and the Szeg$\ddot{o}$ norm, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. {\bf 249} (1979), no. 2, 261--279.

\bibitem{s88}
 S. Saitoh, Theory of reproducing kernels and its applications. Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics Series, {\bf 189}. Longman Scientific \& Technical, Harlow; copublished in the United States with John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., New York, 1988. x+157 pp. ISBN: 0-582-03564-3

\bibitem{s14}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices,  Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory.  {\bf 4}  (2014), no. 2,  87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

\bibitem{s16}
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics,  {\bf 177}(2016),     151-182. (Springer) .

\bibitem{s17}
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity、
arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).

\bibitem{s18}
S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus (154 pages: draft): (http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/)

\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi,  Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields,  Tokyo Journal of Mathematics,   {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.

\bibitem{a}
https://philosophy.kent.edu/OPA2/sites/default/files/012001.pdf

\bibitem{b}
http://publish.uwo.ca/~jbell/The 20Continuous.pdf

\bibitem{c}
http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath526/kmath526.htm



\bibitem{ann179}
Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.

\bibitem{ann185}
Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann237}
Announcement 237 (2015.6.18):  A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by  geometrical optics.

\bibitem{ann246}
Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.

\bibitem{ann247}
Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann250}
Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? -  the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann252}
Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and
curvature - an interpretation by Mr.
Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by
zero $r/0 = 0$.

\bibitem{ann281}
Announcement 281 (2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann282}
Announcement 282 (2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.

\bibitem{ann293}
Announcement 293 (2016.3.27):  Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.

\bibitem{ann300}
Announcement 300 (2016.05.22): New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann326}
 Announcement 326 (2016.10.17): The division by zero z/0=0 - its impact to human beings through education and research.

 \bibitem{ann352}
Announcement 352(2017.2.2):   On the third birthday of the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann354}
Announcement 354(2017.2.8): What are $n = 2,1,0$ regular polygons inscribed in a disc? -- relations of $0$ and infinity.

\bibitem{362}
Announcement 362(2017.5.5): Discovery of the division by zero as  $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$

 \bibitem{380}
Announcement 380 (2017.8.21):  What is the zero?

\bibitem{388}
Announcement 388(2017.10.29):   Information and ideas on zero and division by zero (a project).

 \bibitem{409}
Announcement 409 (2018.1.29.):  Various Publication Projects on the Division by Zero.

\bibitem{410}
Announcement 410 (2018.1 30.):  What is mathematics? -- beyond logic; for great challengers on the division by zero.


\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}


List of division by zero:

\bibitem{os18}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum.

Saburou Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity、
arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM]

Hiroshi Okumura and Saburou Saitoh
The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. 2017.11.14

L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.

M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, 2016, 6, 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication).

T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.)

H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. 6(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.

H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.

S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics).

S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .
再生核研究所声明371(2017.6.27)ゼロ除算の講演― 国際会議 https://sites.google.com/site/sandrapinelas/icddea-2017 報告


1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12276045402.html
1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12263708422.html
1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0

ソクラテス・プラトン・アリストテレス その他



Title page of Leonhard Euler, Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra, Vol. 1 (edition of 1771, first published in 1770), and p. 34 from Article 83, where Euler explains why a number divided by zero gives infinity.

私は数学を信じない。 アルバート・アインシュタイン / I don't believe in mathematics. Albert Einstein→ゼロ除算ができなかったからではないでしょうか。

ドキュメンタリー 2017: 神の数式 第2回 宇宙はなぜ生まれたのか


〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第3回 宇宙はなぜ始まったのか


NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第1回 この世は何からできているのか

NHKスペシャル 神の数式 完全版 第4回 異次元宇宙は存在するか


再生核研究所声明 411(2018.02.02):  ゼロ除算発見4周年を迎えて

ゼロ除算の論文

Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity

Algebraic division by zero implemented as quasigeometric multiplication by infinity in real and complex multispatial hyperspaces
Author: Jakub Czajko, 92(2) (2018) 171-197
https://img-proxy.blog-video.jp/images?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientificnews.com%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Ffiletype-icons%2Ficons%2F16%2Ffile_extension_pdf.pngWSN 92(2) (2018) 171-197
                                                                                                                                             

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