№922
これは既によく見られる現象ですが、ゼロ除算算法で
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\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 448:\\ Division by Zero;\\
Funny History and New World}
\author{再生核研究所}
\date{2018.08.20}
\title{\bf Announcement 448:\\ Division by Zero;\\
Funny History and New World}
\author{再生核研究所}
\date{2018.08.20}
\maketitle
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{\bf Abstract: } Our division by zero research group wonder why our elementary results may still not be accepted by some wide world and very recently in our Announcements: 434 (2018.7.28),
437 (2018.7.30),
438(2018.8.6), \\
441(2018.8.9),
442(2018.8.10),
443(2018.8.11),
444(2018.8.14),
in Japanese, we stated their reasons and the importance of our elementary results. Here, we would like to state their essences. As some essential reasons, we found fundamental misunderstandings on the division by zero and so we would like to state the essences and the importance of our new results to human beings over mathematics.
437 (2018.7.30),
438(2018.8.6), \\
441(2018.8.9),
442(2018.8.10),
443(2018.8.11),
444(2018.8.14),
in Japanese, we stated their reasons and the importance of our elementary results. Here, we would like to state their essences. As some essential reasons, we found fundamental misunderstandings on the division by zero and so we would like to state the essences and the importance of our new results to human beings over mathematics.
We hope that:
close the mysterious and long history of division by zero that may be considered as a symbol of the stupidity of the human race and open the new world since Aristotle-Eulcid.
From the funny history of the division by zero, we will be able to realize that
human beings are full of prejudice and prejudice, and are narrow-minded, essentially.
\medskip
\section{Division by zero}
The division by zero with mysterious and long history was indeed trivial and clear as in the followings:
\medskip
\medskip
By the concept of the Moore-Penrose generalized solution of the fundamental equation $az=b$, the division by zero was trivial and clear as $b/0=0$ in the {\bf generalized fraction} that is defined by the generalized solution of the equation $az=b$.
Note, in particular, that there exists a uniquely determined solution for any case of the equation $az=b$ containing the case $a=0$.
People, of course, consider as the division $b/a$ that it is the solution of the equation $ az =b$ and if $a=0$ then $0 \cdot z =0$ and so, for $b\ne0$ we can not consider the fraction $a/b$. We have been considered that the division by zero $b/0$ is impossible for mysteriously long years, since the document of zero in India in AD 628. In particular, note that Brahmagupta (598 -668 ?) established four arithmetic operations by introducing $0$ and at the same time he defined as $0/0=0$ in Brhmasphuasiddhnta. Our world history, however, stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we will see that his definition is right and suitable. However, he did not give its reason and did not consider the importance case $1/0$ and the general fractions $b/0$. The division by zero was a symbol for {\bf impossibility} or to consider the division by zero was {\bf not permitted}. For this simple and clear conclusion, we did not definitely consider more on the division by zero. However, we see many and many formulas appearing the zero in denominators, one simple and typical example is in the function $w=1/z$ for $z=0$.
We did not consider the function at the origin $z=0$.
We did not consider the function at the origin $z=0$.
In this case, however, the serious interest happens in many physical problems and also in computer sciences, as we know.
When we can not find the solution of the fundamental equation $az=b$, it is fairly clear to consider the Moore-Penrose generalized solution in mathematics. Its basic idea and beautiful mathematics will be definite.
Therefore, we should consider the generalized fractions following the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse. Therefore, with its meaning and definition we should consider that $b/0=0$.
Therefore, we should consider the generalized fractions following the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse. Therefore, with its meaning and definition we should consider that $b/0=0$.
It will be very curious that we know very well the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse as a very fundamental and important concept, however, we did not consider the simplest case $ az =b$.
Its reason may be considered as follows: We will consider or imagine that the fraction $1/0$ may be like infinity or ideal one.
For the fundamental function $W =1/ z $ we did not consider any value at the origin $z = 0$. Many and many people consider its value by the limiting like $+\infty $ and $- \infty$ or the
point at infinity as $\infty$. However, their basic idea comes from {\bf continuity} with the common sense or
based on the basic idea of Aristotle. --
For the related Greece philosophy, see \cite{a,b,c}. However, as the division by zero we have to consider its value of
the function $W =1 /z$ as zero at $z = 0$. We will see that this new definition is valid widely in
mathematics and mathematical sciences, see (\cite{mos,osm}) for example. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to calculus, Euclidian geometry, analytic geometry, complex analysis and the theory of differential equations in an undergraduate level and furthermore to our basic ideas for the space and universe.
point at infinity as $\infty$. However, their basic idea comes from {\bf continuity} with the common sense or
based on the basic idea of Aristotle. --
For the related Greece philosophy, see \cite{a,b,c}. However, as the division by zero we have to consider its value of
the function $W =1 /z$ as zero at $z = 0$. We will see that this new definition is valid widely in
mathematics and mathematical sciences, see (\cite{mos,osm}) for example. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to calculus, Euclidian geometry, analytic geometry, complex analysis and the theory of differential equations in an undergraduate level and furthermore to our basic ideas for the space and universe.
For the extended complex plane, we consider its stereographic projection mapping as the Riemann sphere and the point at infinity is realized as the north pole in the Alexsandroff's one point compactification.
The Riemann sphere model gives a beautiful and complete realization of the extended complex plane through the stereographic projection mapping and the mapping has beautiful properties like isogonal (equiangular) and circle to circle correspondence (circle transformation). Therefore, the Riemann sphere is a very classical concept \cite{ahlfors}.
\medskip
The Riemann sphere model gives a beautiful and complete realization of the extended complex plane through the stereographic projection mapping and the mapping has beautiful properties like isogonal (equiangular) and circle to circle correspondence (circle transformation). Therefore, the Riemann sphere is a very classical concept \cite{ahlfors}.
\medskip
Now, with the division by zero we have to admit the strong discontinuity at the point at infinity. To accept this strong discontinuity seems to be very difficult, and therefore we showed many and many examples for giving the evidences over $800$ items.
\medskip
We back to our general fractions $1/0=0/0=z/0=0$ for its importances.
\medskip
H. Michiwaki and his 6 years old daughter Eko Michiwaki stated that in about three weeks after the discovery of the division by zero that
division by zero is trivial and clear from the concept of repeated subtraction and they showed the detailed interpretation of the general fractions. Their method is a basic one and it will give a good introduction of division and their calculation method of divisions.
division by zero is trivial and clear from the concept of repeated subtraction and they showed the detailed interpretation of the general fractions. Their method is a basic one and it will give a good introduction of division and their calculation method of divisions.
We can say that division by zero, say $100/0$ means that we do not divide $100$ and so the number of the divided ones is zero.
\medskip
Furthermore,
recall the uniqueness theorem by S. Takahasi on the division by zero:
\medskip
recall the uniqueness theorem by S. Takahasi on the division by zero:
\medskip
{\bf Proposition 1.1 }{\it Let F be a function from ${\bf C }\times {\bf C }$ to ${\bf C }$ satisfying
$$
F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad)
$$
for all
$$
a, b, c, d \in {\bf C }
$$
and
$$
F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a }, \quad a, b \in {\bf C }, a \ne 0.
$$
Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C } $
$$
F (b, 0) = 0.
$$
}
$$
F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad)
$$
for all
$$
a, b, c, d \in {\bf C }
$$
and
$$
F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a }, \quad a, b \in {\bf C }, a \ne 0.
$$
Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C } $
$$
F (b, 0) = 0.
$$
}
Note that the complete proof of this proposition is simply given by 2 or 3 lines.
In the long mysterious history of the division by zero, this proposition seems to be decisive.
Indeed, Takahasi's assumption for the product property should be accepted for any generalization of fraction (division). Without the product property, we will not be able to consider any reasonable fraction (division).
Following Proposition 1.1, we should {\bf define}
$$
F (b, 0) = \frac{b}{0} =0,
$$
and consider, for any complex number $b$, as $0$;
that is, for the mapping
\begin{equation}
W = f(z) = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $W=0$ ({\bf should be defined from the form}).
$$
F (b, 0) = \frac{b}{0} =0,
$$
and consider, for any complex number $b$, as $0$;
that is, for the mapping
\begin{equation}
W = f(z) = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $W=0$ ({\bf should be defined from the form}).
\medskip
Furthermore,
the simple field structure containing division by zero was established by M. Yamada.
\medskip
the simple field structure containing division by zero was established by M. Yamada.
\medskip
In addition, for the fundamental function $f(z) = 1/z$, note that
the function is odd function
$$
f(z) = - f(-z)
$$
and if the function may be extended as an odd function at the origin $z=0$, then the identity $f(0) = 1/0 =0$ has to be satisfied. Further, if the equation
$$
\frac{1}{z} =0
$$
has a solution, then the solution has to be $z=0$.
\medskip
the function is odd function
$$
f(z) = - f(-z)
$$
and if the function may be extended as an odd function at the origin $z=0$, then the identity $f(0) = 1/0 =0$ has to be satisfied. Further, if the equation
$$
\frac{1}{z} =0
$$
has a solution, then the solution has to be $z=0$.
\medskip
\section{Division by zero calculus}
As the number system containing the division by zero, the Yamada field structure is complete.
However, for applications of the division by zero to {\bf functions}, we need the concept of the division by zero calculus for the sake of uniquely determinations of the results and for other reasons.
For example, for the typical linear mapping
\begin{equation}
W = \frac{z - i}{z + i},
\end{equation}
it gives a conformal mapping on $\{{\bf C} \setminus \{-i\}\}$ onto $\{{\bf C} \setminus \{1\}\}$ in one to one and from \begin{equation}
W = 1 + \frac{-2i}{ z - (-i)},
\end{equation}
we see that $-i$ corresponds to $1$ and so the function maps the whole $\{{\bf C} \}$ onto $\{{\bf C} \}$ in one to one.
\begin{equation}
W = \frac{z - i}{z + i},
\end{equation}
it gives a conformal mapping on $\{{\bf C} \setminus \{-i\}\}$ onto $\{{\bf C} \setminus \{1\}\}$ in one to one and from \begin{equation}
W = 1 + \frac{-2i}{ z - (-i)},
\end{equation}
we see that $-i$ corresponds to $1$ and so the function maps the whole $\{{\bf C} \}$ onto $\{{\bf C} \}$ in one to one.
Meanwhile, note that for
\begin{equation}
W = (z - i) \cdot \frac{1}{z + i},
\end{equation}
if we enter $z= -i$ in the way
\begin{equation}
[(z - i)]_{z =-i} \cdot \left[ \frac{1}{z + i}\right]_{z =-i} = (-2i) \cdot 0= 0,
\end{equation}
we have another value.
\medskip
\begin{equation}
W = (z - i) \cdot \frac{1}{z + i},
\end{equation}
if we enter $z= -i$ in the way
\begin{equation}
[(z - i)]_{z =-i} \cdot \left[ \frac{1}{z + i}\right]_{z =-i} = (-2i) \cdot 0= 0,
\end{equation}
we have another value.
\medskip
In many cases, the above two results will have practical meanings and so, we will need to consider many ways for the application of the division by zero and we will need to check the results obtained, in some practical viewpoints. We referred to this delicate problem with many examples.
Therefore, we will introduce the division by zero calculus that give important values for functions. For any Laurent expansion around $z=a$,
\begin{equation}
f(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1} C_n (z - a)^n + C_0 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} C_n (z - a)^n,
\end{equation}
we obtain the identity, by the division by zero
\begin{equation}
f(a) = C_0.
\end{equation}
Note that here, there is no problem on any convergence of the expansion (2.5) at the point $z = a$, because all the terms $(z - a)^n$ are zero at $z=a$ for $n \ne 0$.
\medskip
\begin{equation}
f(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1} C_n (z - a)^n + C_0 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} C_n (z - a)^n,
\end{equation}
we obtain the identity, by the division by zero
\begin{equation}
f(a) = C_0.
\end{equation}
Note that here, there is no problem on any convergence of the expansion (2.5) at the point $z = a$, because all the terms $(z - a)^n$ are zero at $z=a$ for $n \ne 0$.
\medskip
For the correspondence (2.6) for the function $f(z)$, we will call it {\bf the division by zero calculus}. By considering the formal derivatives in (2.5), we {\bf can define any order derivatives of the function} $f$ at the singular point $a$; that is,
$$
f^{(n)}(a) = n! C_n.
$$
$$
f^{(n)}(a) = n! C_n.
$$
\medskip
{\bf Apart from the motivation, we define the division by zero calculus by (2.6).}
With this assumption, we can obtain many new results and new ideas. However, for this assumption we have to check the results obtained whether they are reasonable or not. By this idea, we can avoid any logical problems. -- In this point, the division by zero calculus may be considered as an axiom.
\medskip
This paragraph is very important. Our division by zero is just definition and the division by zero is an assumption. Only with the assumption and definition of the division by zero calculus, we can create and enjoy our new mathematics. Therefore, the division by zero calculus may be considered as a new axiom.
With this assumption, we can obtain many new results and new ideas. However, for this assumption we have to check the results obtained whether they are reasonable or not. By this idea, we can avoid any logical problems. -- In this point, the division by zero calculus may be considered as an axiom.
\medskip
This paragraph is very important. Our division by zero is just definition and the division by zero is an assumption. Only with the assumption and definition of the division by zero calculus, we can create and enjoy our new mathematics. Therefore, the division by zero calculus may be considered as a new axiom.
Of course, its strong motivations were given. We did not consider any value {\bf at the singular point} $a$ for the Laurent expansion (2.5). Therefore, our division by zero is a new mathematics entirely and isolated singular points are a new world for our mathematics.
We had been considered properties of analytic functions {\bf around their isolated singular points.}
We had been considered properties of analytic functions {\bf around their isolated singular points.}
The typical example of the division zero calculus is $\tan (\pi/2) = 0$ and the result gives great impacts to analysis and geometry.
See the references for the materials.
\medskip
See the references for the materials.
\medskip
For an identity, when we multiply zero, we obtain the zero identity that is a trivial.
We will consider the division by zero to an equation.
We will consider the division by zero to an equation.
For example, for the simple example for the line equation on the $x, y$ plane
$$
ax + by + c=0
$$
we have, formally
$$
x + \frac{by + c}{a} =0,
$$
and so, by the division by zero, we have, for $a=0$, the reasonable result
$$
x = 0.
$$
$$
ax + by + c=0
$$
we have, formally
$$
x + \frac{by + c}{a} =0,
$$
and so, by the division by zero, we have, for $a=0$, the reasonable result
$$
x = 0.
$$
However, from
$$
\frac{ax + by}{c} + 1 =0,
$$
for $c=0$, we have the contradiction, by the division by zero
$$
1 =0.
$$
For this case, we can consider that
$$
\frac{ax + by}{c} + \frac{c}{c} =0,
$$
that is always valid. {\bf In this sense, we can divide an equation by zero.}
$$
\frac{ax + by}{c} + 1 =0,
$$
for $c=0$, we have the contradiction, by the division by zero
$$
1 =0.
$$
For this case, we can consider that
$$
\frac{ax + by}{c} + \frac{c}{c} =0,
$$
that is always valid. {\bf In this sense, we can divide an equation by zero.}
\section{Conclusion}
Apparently, the common sense on the division by zero with a long and mysterious history is wrong and our basic idea on the space around the point at infinity is also wrong since Euclid. On the gradient or on derivatives we have a great missing since $\tan (\pi/2) = 0$. Our mathematics is also wrong in elementary mathematics on the division by zero.
We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics with our division by zero in our undergraduate level.
We have to change our basic ideas for our space and world.
We have to change globally our textbooks and scientific books on the division by zero.
From the mysterious history of the division by zero, we will be able to study what are human beings and about our narrow-minded.
\bibliographystyle{plain}
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\begin{thebibliography}{10}
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\end{document}
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 461: An essence of division by zero and a new axiom}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
kbdmm360@yahoo.co.jp
}
\date{2018.11.10}
\maketitle
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 461: An essence of division by zero and a new axiom}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
kbdmm360@yahoo.co.jp
}
\date{2018.11.10}
\maketitle
In order to see an essence of our division by zero calculus, we will state a simple survey.
As the number system, division by zero is realized as the {\bf Yamada field} with the definition of the general fractions $a/b$ containing the case $b=0$, and its various meanings and applications are given. In particular, see \cite{msy} and see also the references.
The field structure is, of course, fundamental in the algebraic structure.
The field structure is, of course, fundamental in the algebraic structure.
However, apart from various motivations and any background, we will give the definition of the division by zero calculus as follows:
\medskip
\medskip
For any \index{Laurent expansion}Laurent expansion around $z=a$,
\begin{equation} \label{dvc5.1}
f(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1} C_n (z - a)^n + C_0 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} C_n (z - a)^n
\end{equation}
we define the division by zero calculus
\begin{equation}\label{dvc5.2}
f(a) = C_0.
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{dvc5.1}
f(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1} C_n (z - a)^n + C_0 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} C_n (z - a)^n
\end{equation}
we define the division by zero calculus
\begin{equation}\label{dvc5.2}
f(a) = C_0.
\end{equation}
For the correspondence \eqref{dvc5.2} for the function $f(z)$, we will call it {\bf the division by zero calculus}. By considering derivatives in \eqref{dvc5.1}, we {\bf define} any order derivatives of the function $f$ at the singular point $a$ as
$$
f^{(n)}(a) = n! C_n.
$$
$$
f^{(n)}(a) = n! C_n.
$$
\medskip
The division by zero calculus seems to be strange firstly, however, by its various applications and results, we will see that the concept is fundamental in our elementary mathematics, globally. See the references.
For its importance, the division by zero calculus may be looked as a {\bf new axiom.}
\medskip
\medskip
Firstly, for the fundamental function $W= F(z) = 1/z$, we have, surprisingly
$$
F(0) = 0.
$$
We see its great impacts to our basic idea for the space and in our Euclidean space.
From the form, we should consider that
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{0} =0.
\end{equation}
Note that this representation and identity is not any result, but it is only the definition of
$\frac{1}{0}$. Of course, it is not the usual definition as the solution of the equation $0 \cdot z =1$. Here, we are stating that the division by zero calculus and the form of the elementary function lead us to the identity (0.3).
\medskip
\bigskip
$$
F(0) = 0.
$$
We see its great impacts to our basic idea for the space and in our Euclidean space.
From the form, we should consider that
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{0} =0.
\end{equation}
Note that this representation and identity is not any result, but it is only the definition of
$\frac{1}{0}$. Of course, it is not the usual definition as the solution of the equation $0 \cdot z =1$. Here, we are stating that the division by zero calculus and the form of the elementary function lead us to the identity (0.3).
\medskip
\bigskip
{\bf \Large Could we divide the numbers and functions by zero?}
\medskip
\medskip
For this old and general question, we will give a simple answer.
For any analytic function
$f(z)$ around the origin $z=0$ that is permitted to have any singularity at $z=0$ (of course, any constant function is permitted),
we can consider the value, by the division by zero calculus
$f(z)$ around the origin $z=0$ that is permitted to have any singularity at $z=0$ (of course, any constant function is permitted),
we can consider the value, by the division by zero calculus
\begin{equation}
\frac{f(z)}{z^n}
\end{equation}
at the point $z=0$, for any positive integer $n$. This will mean that from the form
we can consider it as follows:
\begin{equation}
\frac{f(z)}{z^n}\mid_{x=0}.
\end{equation}
\bigskip
For example,
$$
\frac{e^{x}}{x^n}\mid_{x=0} = \frac{1}{n!}.
$$
\medskip
\frac{f(z)}{z^n}
\end{equation}
at the point $z=0$, for any positive integer $n$. This will mean that from the form
we can consider it as follows:
\begin{equation}
\frac{f(z)}{z^n}\mid_{x=0}.
\end{equation}
\bigskip
For example,
$$
\frac{e^{x}}{x^n}\mid_{x=0} = \frac{1}{n!}.
$$
\medskip
{\bf \Huge In this sense, we can divide the numbers and analytic functions by zero.}
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{ms16}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
\bibitem{mms18}
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 293-305.
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 293-305.
\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 1-16.
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 1-16.
\bibitem{osm}
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), {\bf 1}(2017), 70-77.
\bibitem{os}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).
\bibitem{o}
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International Journal of Geometry.
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International Journal of Geometry.
\bibitem{os18april}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Harmonic Mean and Division by Zero,
Dedicated to Professor Josip Pe\v{c}ari\'{c} on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18} (2018), 155—159.
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Harmonic Mean and Division by Zero,
Dedicated to Professor Josip Pe\v{c}ari\'{c} on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18} (2018), 155—159.
\bibitem{os18}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18}(2018), 97-100.
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18}(2018), 97-100.
\bibitem{os18e}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL AND MODERN GEOMETRIES” (GJARCMG), {\bf 7}(2018), 2, 44--49.
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL AND MODERN GEOMETRIES” (GJARCMG), {\bf 7}(2018), 2, 44--49.
\bibitem{ps18}
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 399-418.
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 399-418.
\bibitem{s14}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
\bibitem{s16}
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182.
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182.
\bibitem{s17}
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity, arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity, arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 460: Change the Poor Idea to the Definite Results For the Division by Zero -- For the Leading Mathematicians}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
kbdmm360@yahoo.co.jp
}
\date{2018.11.08}
\maketitle
The Institute of Reproducing Kernels is dealing with the theory of division by zero calculus and declares that the division by zero was discovered as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$ in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space based on the new concept of division by zero calculus: for the function $f(z) = 1/z$
$$
f(0) = 0
$$
since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).
In particular, Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we showed that his definition is suitable.
For the details, see the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/
\medskip
$$
f(0) = 0
$$
since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).
In particular, Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we showed that his definition is suitable.
For the details, see the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/
\medskip
In the international conference:
\medskip
\medskip
http://www.meetingsint.com/conferences/\\appliedphysics-mathematics\\Applied Physics and Mathematics Conference 2018\\
\medskip
\medskip
\noindent
we presented the basic results on October 23 and
for the details, see the references with the talk sheets: saburousaitoh
181102.pdf :
we presented the basic results on October 23 and
for the details, see the references with the talk sheets: saburousaitoh
181102.pdf :
{\Huge \bf
Close the mysterious and long history of division by zero and \\ open the new world\\ since Aristoteles-Euclid:\\ $1/0=0/0=z/0= \tan (\pi/2)=0$\\
}
and the abstract: 201810.23abstract.
\bigskip
}
and the abstract: 201810.23abstract.
\bigskip
Particularly, note that the division by zero calculus is a fundamental definition based on the basic assumption that may be considered as a new axiom for its importance.
As stated
by some physicist
\medskip
by some physicist
\medskip
{\it Here is how I see the problem with prohibition on division by zero,
which is the biggest scandal in modern mathematics as you rightly pointed
out} (2017.10.14.08:55),
\medskip
which is the biggest scandal in modern mathematics as you rightly pointed
out} (2017.10.14.08:55),
\medskip
\noindent
it seems that the long history of the division by zero is our shame and our mathematics in the elementary level has basic missings. Meanwhile, we have still great confusions and wrong ideas on the division by zero. Therefore, we would like to ask for the good corrections for the wrong ideas and some official approval for our division by zero as our basic duties.
it seems that the long history of the division by zero is our shame and our mathematics in the elementary level has basic missings. Meanwhile, we have still great confusions and wrong ideas on the division by zero. Therefore, we would like to ask for the good corrections for the wrong ideas and some official approval for our division by zero as our basic duties.
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{ms16}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
\bibitem{mms18}
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 293-305.
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 293-305.
\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 1-16.
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 1-16.
\bibitem{osm}
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), {\bf 1}(2017), 70-77.
\bibitem{os}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).
\bibitem{o}
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International Journal of Geometry.
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International Journal of Geometry.
\bibitem{os18april}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Harmonic Mean and Division by Zero,
Dedicated to Professor Josip Pe\v{c}ari\'{c} on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18} (2018), 155—159.
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Harmonic Mean and Division by Zero,
Dedicated to Professor Josip Pe\v{c}ari\'{c} on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18} (2018), 155—159.
\bibitem{os18}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18}(2018), 97-100.
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18}(2018), 97-100.
\bibitem{os18e}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL AND MODERN GEOMETRIES” (GJARCMG), {\bf 7}(2018), 2, 44--49.
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL AND MODERN GEOMETRIES” (GJARCMG), {\bf 7}(2018), 2, 44--49.
\bibitem{ps18}
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 399-418.
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 399-418.
\bibitem{s14}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
\bibitem{s16}
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182.
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182.
\bibitem{s17}
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity, arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity, arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 454: The International Conference on Applied Physics and Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan, October 22-23}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
kbdmm360@yahoo.co.jp
}
\date{2018.9.29}
\maketitle
{\Large \bf
The Institute of Reproducing Kernels is dealing with the theory of division by zero calculus and declares that the division by zero was discovered as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$ in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space based on the new concept of division by zero calculus: for the function $f(z) = 1/z$
$$
f(0) = 0
$$
since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).
In particular, Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we showed that his definition is suitable.
For the details, see the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/
\medskip
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 454: The International Conference on Applied Physics and Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan, October 22-23}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
kbdmm360@yahoo.co.jp
}
\date{2018.9.29}
\maketitle
{\Large \bf
The Institute of Reproducing Kernels is dealing with the theory of division by zero calculus and declares that the division by zero was discovered as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$ in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space based on the new concept of division by zero calculus: for the function $f(z) = 1/z$
$$
f(0) = 0
$$
since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).
In particular, Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we showed that his definition is suitable.
For the details, see the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/
\medskip
In the above international conference:
\medskip
\medskip
\medskip
John Martin, Program Coordinator\\
http://www.meetingsint.com/conferences/\\appliedphysics-mathematics\\Applied Physics and Mathematics Conference 2018\\
appliedphysics@annualmeetings.net\\
appliedphysics@meetingseries.org
\medskip
http://www.meetingsint.com/conferences/\\appliedphysics-mathematics\\Applied Physics and Mathematics Conference 2018\\
appliedphysics@annualmeetings.net\\
appliedphysics@meetingseries.org
\medskip
\medskip
we will present our results while 11:00-12:00, October 23 and we will accept all the related questions and comments while 13:00-15:00 around.
For the details, please see the below:
\medskip
\medskip
(If a person participates in our session around the morning and afternoon free discussions, he should pay euro 250. If the person registers in a group of 5 or more, the amount will be reduced to euro 180 per person. The morning session is very valuable and has the potential to bring change in the education system.
For one night stay on 22nd October, he needs to pay euro 150.
I hope everything is clear.
Kindly let me know if any query.
Thanks!
Regards,
John)
For one night stay on 22nd October, he needs to pay euro 150.
I hope everything is clear.
Kindly let me know if any query.
Thanks!
Regards,
John)
}
\bigskip
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\Huge \bf
Close the mysterious and long history of division by zero and \\ open the new world since Aristoteles-Euclid: $1/0=0/0=z/0= \tan (\pi/2)=0.$
}
\bigskip
}
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\large \bf
For a triangle ABC with side length $a,b,c$.
We have the formula
$$
\frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{a^2 - b^2 + c^2} = \frac{\tan B}{\tan C}.
$$
If $ a^2 + b^2 - c^2 =0$, then $C = \pi/2$. Then,
$$
0 = \frac{\tan B}{\tan \frac{\pi}{2}} = \frac{\tan B}{0}.
$$
Meanwhile, for the case
$
a^2 - b^2 + c^2 =0,
$
then $B = \pi/2$, and we have
$$
\frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{0}= \frac{\tan \frac{\pi}{2}}{\tan C}=0.
$$
For a triangle ABC with side length $a,b,c$.
We have the formula
$$
\frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{a^2 - b^2 + c^2} = \frac{\tan B}{\tan C}.
$$
If $ a^2 + b^2 - c^2 =0$, then $C = \pi/2$. Then,
$$
0 = \frac{\tan B}{\tan \frac{\pi}{2}} = \frac{\tan B}{0}.
$$
Meanwhile, for the case
$
a^2 - b^2 + c^2 =0,
$
then $B = \pi/2$, and we have
$$
\frac{a^2 + b^2 - c^2}{0}= \frac{\tan \frac{\pi}{2}}{\tan C}=0.
$$
\end{document}
神の数式で ゼロ除算を用いると どうなるのでしょうか という質問が 寄せられています。
神の数式：
神の数式が解析関数でかけて居れば、 特異点でローラン展開して、正則部の第1項を取れば、 何時でも有限値を得るので、 形式的に無限が出ても 実は問題なく 意味を有します。
物理学者如何でしょうか。
神の数式：
神の数式が解析関数でかけて居れば、 特異点でローラン展開して、正則部の第1項を取れば、 何時でも有限値を得るので、 形式的に無限が出ても 実は問題なく 意味を有します。
物理学者如何でしょうか。
計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0 を出したのに計算機は何時、1/0=0 ができるようになるでしょうか。
カテゴリ：カテゴリ未分類
そこで、計算機は何時、1/0=0 ができるようになるでしょうか。 楽しみにしています。 もうできる進化した 計算機をお持ちの方は おられないですね。
これは凄い、面白い事件では？ 計算機が人間を超えている 例では？
そこで、計算機は何時、1/0=0 ができるようになるでしょうか。 楽しみにしています。 もうできる進化した 計算機をお持ちの方は おられないですね。
これは凄い、面白い事件では？ 計算機が人間を超えている 例では？
面白いことを発見しました。 計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0
を出したのに、 この方は 間違いだと 言っている、思っているようです。
0/0=0 は １３００年も前に 算術の発見者によって与えられたにも関わらず、世界史は間違いだと とんでもないことを言ってきた。 世界史の恥。 実は a/0=0 が 何時も成り立っていた。 しかし、ここで 分数の意味を きちんと定義する必要がある。 計算機は、その意味さえ知っているようですね。 計算機、人間より賢くなっている 様が 出て居て 実に 面白い。
https://steemkr.com/…/bug-zero-divide-by-zero-answers-is-ze…
２０１８．１０．１１．１１：２３
https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/reproducingkerne/…/201810110003/
計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0 を出したのに
カテゴリ：カテゴリ未分類
を出したのに、 この方は 間違いだと 言っている、思っているようです。
0/0=0 は １３００年も前に 算術の発見者によって与えられたにも関わらず、世界史は間違いだと とんでもないことを言ってきた。 世界史の恥。 実は a/0=0 が 何時も成り立っていた。 しかし、ここで 分数の意味を きちんと定義する必要がある。 計算機は、その意味さえ知っているようですね。 計算機、人間より賢くなっている 様が 出て居て 実に 面白い。
https://steemkr.com/…/bug-zero-divide-by-zero-answers-is-ze…
２０１８．１０．１１．１１：２３
https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/reproducingkerne/…/201810110003/
計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0 を出したのに
カテゴリ：カテゴリ未分類
面白いことを発見しました。 計算機は 正しい答え 0/0=0
を出したのに、 この方は 間違いだと 言っている、思っているようです。
0/0=0 は １３００年も前に 算術の発見者によって与えられたにも関わらず、世界史は間違いだと とんでもないことを言ってきた。 実は a/0=0 が 何時も成り立っていた。しかし、ここで 分数の意味を きちんと定義する必要がある。 計算機は、その意味さえ知っているようですね。 計算機、人間より賢くなっている様が 出て居て 実に面白い。
を出したのに、 この方は 間違いだと 言っている、思っているようです。
0/0=0 は １３００年も前に 算術の発見者によって与えられたにも関わらず、世界史は間違いだと とんでもないことを言ってきた。 実は a/0=0 が 何時も成り立っていた。しかし、ここで 分数の意味を きちんと定義する必要がある。 計算機は、その意味さえ知っているようですね。 計算機、人間より賢くなっている様が 出て居て 実に面白い。
ゼロ除算、ゼロで割る問題、分からない、正しいのかなど、 良く理解できない人が 未だに 多いようです。そこで、簡潔な一般的な 解説を思い付きました。 もちろん、学会などでも述べていますが、 予断で 良く聞けないようです。まず、分数、a/b は a 割る b のことで、これは 方程式 b x=a の解のことです。ところが、 b がゼロならば、 どんな xでも 0 x =0 ですから、a がゼロでなければ、解は存在せず、 従って 100/0 など、ゼロ除算は考えられない、できないとなってしまいます。 普通の意味では ゼロ除算は 不可能であるという、世界の常識、定説です。できない、不可能であると言われれば、いろいろ考えたくなるのが、人間らしい創造の精神です。 基本方程式 b x=a が b がゼロならば解けない、解が存在しないので、困るのですが、このようなとき、従来の結果が成り立つような意味で、解が考えられないかと、数学者は良く考えて来ました。 何と、 そのような方程式は 何時でも唯一つに 一般化された意味で解をもつと考える 方法があります。 Moore-Penrose 一般化逆の考え方です。 どんな行列の 逆行列を唯一つに定める 一般的な 素晴らしい、自然な考えです。その考えだと、 b がゼロの時、解はゼロが出るので、 a/0=0 と定義するのは 当然です。 すなわち、この意味で 方程式の解を考えて 分数を考えれば、ゼロ除算は ゼロとして定まる ということです。ただ一つに定まるのですから、 この考えは 自然で、その意味を知りたいと 考えるのは、当然ではないでしょうか？初等数学全般に影響を与える ユークリッド以来の新世界が 現れてきます。
ゼロ除算の誤解は深刻：
ゼロ除算の誤解は深刻：
最近、3つの事が在りました。
私の簡単な講演、相当な数学者が信じられないような誤解をして、全然理解できなく、目が回っているいるような印象を受けたこと、
相当ゼロ除算の研究をされている方が、基本を誤解されていたこと、1/0 の定義を誤解されていた。
相当な才能の持ち主が、連続性や順序に拘って、４年以上もゼロ除算の研究を避けていたこと。
相当ゼロ除算の研究をされている方が、基本を誤解されていたこと、1/0 の定義を誤解されていた。
相当な才能の持ち主が、連続性や順序に拘って、４年以上もゼロ除算の研究を避けていたこと。
これらのことは、人間如何に予断と偏見にハマった存在であるかを教えている。
まずは ゼロ除算は不可能であるの 思いが強すぎで、初めからダメ、考えない、無視の気持ちが、強い。 ゼロ除算を従来の 掛け算の逆と考えると、不可能であるが 証明されてしまうので、割り算の意味を拡張しないと、考えられない。それで、 1/0,0/0,z/0 などの意味を発見する必要がある。 それらの意味は、普通の意味ではないことの 初めの考えを飛ばして ダメ、ダメの感情が 突っ走ている。 非ユークリッド幾何学の出現や天動説が地動説に変わった世界史の事件のような 形相と言える。
２０１８．９．２２．６：４１
ゼロ除算の４つの誤解：
１． ゼロでは割れない、ゼロ除算は 不可能である との考え方に拘って、思考停止している。 普通、不可能であるは、考え方や意味を拡張して 可能にできないかと考えるのが 数学の伝統であるが、それができない。
２． 可能にする考え方が 紹介されても ゼロ除算の意味を誤解して、繰り返し間違えている。可能にする理論を 素直に理解しない、 強い従来の考えに縛られている。拘っている。
３． ゼロ除算を関数に適用すると 強力な不連続性を示すが、連続性のアリストテレス以来の 連続性の考えに囚われていて 強力な不連続性を受け入れられない。数学では、不連続性の概念を明確に持っているのに、不連続性の凄い現象に、ゼロ除算の場合には 理解できない。
４． 深刻な誤解は、ゼロ除算は本質的に定義であり、仮定に基づいているので 疑いの気持ちがぬぐえず、ダメ、怪しいと誤解している。数学が公理系に基づいた理論体系のように、ゼロ除算は 新しい仮定に基づいていること。 定義に基づいていることの認識が良く理解できず、誤解している。
George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} [1]：1. Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.
まずは ゼロ除算は不可能であるの 思いが強すぎで、初めからダメ、考えない、無視の気持ちが、強い。 ゼロ除算を従来の 掛け算の逆と考えると、不可能であるが 証明されてしまうので、割り算の意味を拡張しないと、考えられない。それで、 1/0,0/0,z/0 などの意味を発見する必要がある。 それらの意味は、普通の意味ではないことの 初めの考えを飛ばして ダメ、ダメの感情が 突っ走ている。 非ユークリッド幾何学の出現や天動説が地動説に変わった世界史の事件のような 形相と言える。
２０１８．９．２２．６：４１
ゼロ除算の４つの誤解：
１． ゼロでは割れない、ゼロ除算は 不可能である との考え方に拘って、思考停止している。 普通、不可能であるは、考え方や意味を拡張して 可能にできないかと考えるのが 数学の伝統であるが、それができない。
２． 可能にする考え方が 紹介されても ゼロ除算の意味を誤解して、繰り返し間違えている。可能にする理論を 素直に理解しない、 強い従来の考えに縛られている。拘っている。
３． ゼロ除算を関数に適用すると 強力な不連続性を示すが、連続性のアリストテレス以来の 連続性の考えに囚われていて 強力な不連続性を受け入れられない。数学では、不連続性の概念を明確に持っているのに、不連続性の凄い現象に、ゼロ除算の場合には 理解できない。
４． 深刻な誤解は、ゼロ除算は本質的に定義であり、仮定に基づいているので 疑いの気持ちがぬぐえず、ダメ、怪しいと誤解している。数学が公理系に基づいた理論体系のように、ゼロ除算は 新しい仮定に基づいていること。 定義に基づいていることの認識が良く理解できず、誤解している。
George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} [1]：1. Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.
Eπi =-1 （1748）（Leonhard Euler）
E = mc 2 （1905）（Albert Einstein）
1/0=0/0=0 （2014年2月2日再生核研究所）
E = mc 2 （1905）（Albert Einstein）
1/0=0/0=0 （2014年2月2日再生核研究所）
ゼロ除算（division by zero）1/0=0/0=z/0= tan (pi/2)=0
https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12420397278.html
https://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12420397278.html
1+1=2 （ ）
a2+b2=c2 （Pythagoras）
1/0=0/0=0（2014年2月2日再生核研究所）
a2+b2=c2 （Pythagoras）
1/0=0/0=0（2014年2月2日再生核研究所）
2019年1月24日(木)
List of division by zero:
List of division by zero:
Sangaku Journal of Mathematics (SJM) c ⃝SJMISSN 2534-9562 Volume 2 (2018), pp. 57-73 Received 20 November 2018. Published on-line 29 November 2018 web: http://www.sangaku-journal.eu/ c ⃝The Author(s) This article is published with open access1.
Wasan Geometry and Division by Zero Calculus
∗Hiroshi Okumura and ∗∗Saburou Saitoh
Wasan Geometry and Division by Zero Calculus
∗Hiroshi Okumura and ∗∗Saburou Saitoh
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S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics. {\bf 230} (2018), 399--418.
\bibitem{ra}
T. S. Reis and James A.D.W. Anderson,
Transdifferential and Transintegral Calculus,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014 Vol I
WCECS 2014, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francisco, USA.
T. S. Reis and James A.D.W. Anderson,
Transdifferential and Transintegral Calculus,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014 Vol I
WCECS 2014, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francisco, USA.
\bibitem{ra2}
T. S. Reis and James A.D.W. Anderson,
Transreal Calculus,
IAENG International J. of Applied Math., {\bf 45}(2015): IJAM 45 1 06.
T. S. Reis and James A.D.W. Anderson,
Transreal Calculus,
IAENG International J. of Applied Math., {\bf 45}(2015): IJAM 45 1 06.
\bibitem{romig}
H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,
American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. {\bf 3}1, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), 387-389.
H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,
American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. {\bf 3}1, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), 387-389.
\bibitem{s14}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. \url{http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/}.
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. \url{http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/}.
\bibitem{s16}
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .
\bibitem{s17}
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity, arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity, arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).
\bibitem{s18}
S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus (211 pages: draft), \\ \url{http://file.okmr.yamatoblog.net/bso180211.pdf}.
S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus (211 pages: draft), \\ \url{http://file.okmr.yamatoblog.net/bso180211.pdf}.
\bibitem{so18}
S. Saitoh and H. Okumura, Division by Zero Calculus in Figures -- Our New Space -- (manuscript).
S. Saitoh and H. Okumura, Division by Zero Calculus in Figures -- Our New Space -- (manuscript).
\bibitem{san}
B. Santangelo, An Introduction To S-Structures And Defining Division By Zero, arXiv:1611.06838 [math.GM].
B. Santangelo, An Introduction To S-Structures And Defining Division By Zero, arXiv:1611.06838 [math.GM].
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
Dear Akca, H; Pinelas, S; Saitoh, S
Warmest greetings!
We have read about your published precious paper in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS & STATISTICS titled The Division by Zero z/0=0 and Differential Equations (materials), and the topic of the paper has impressed us a lot.
The paper has drawn attention and interest from researchers and scholars specializing in Differential equation; division by zero; 1/0=0/0=0; field; Y-field; reflection with respect to circle; point at infinity; infinity; gradient; circle; curvature; EM radius; Laurent expansion; singularity; derivative
\bibitem{os}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961(2017.11.14).
ｘ\bibitem{oku18}
H. Okumura, Is It Really Impossible To Divide By Zero? Biostat Biometrics Open Acc J. 2018; 7(1): 555703.
DOI: 10.19080/BBOJ.2018.07.555703.
H. Okumura, Is It Really Impossible To Divide By Zero? Biostat Biometrics Open Acc J. 2018; 7(1): 555703.
DOI: 10.19080/BBOJ.2018.07.555703.
ｘ\bibitem{o}
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947. International Journal of Geometry, {\bf 7}(2018), No. 1, 17-20.
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947. International Journal of Geometry, {\bf 7}(2018), No. 1, 17-20.
\bibitem{os18a}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18}(2018), 97-100.
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Remarks for The Twin Circles of Archimedes in a Skewed Arbelos by H. Okumura and M. Watanabe, Forum Geometricorum, {\bf 18}(2018), 97-100.
\bibitem{os18b}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL AND MODERN GEOMETRIES” (GJARCMG) {\bf 7}(2018), 2, 44--49.
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL AND MODERN GEOMETRIES” (GJARCMG) {\bf 7}(2018), 2, 44--49.
Saburou Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity、
arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM]
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, 2016, 6, 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, 2016, 6, 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
ｘT. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication).
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication).
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.)
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.)
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. 6(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. 6(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics).
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics).
№922
Dividing by Nothing by Alberto Martinez
Title page of Leonhard Euler, Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra, Vol. 1 (edition of 1771, first published in 1770), and p. 34 from Article 83, where Euler explains why a number divided by zero gives infinity.
The Road
Fig 5.2. Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) were the culprits, ignoring the first commandment of mathematics not to divide by zero. But they hit gold, because what they mined in the process was the ideal circle.
mercredi, juillet 06, 2011
0/0, la célèbre formule d'Evariste Galois !
0/0, la célèbre formule d'Evariste Galois !
無限に関する様々な数学的概念：無限大 ：記号∞ （アーベルなどはこれを 1 / 0 のように表記していた）で表す。 大雑把に言えば、いかなる数よりも大きいさまを表すものであるが、より明確な意味付けは文脈により様々である。https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90 より
リーマン球面：無限遠点が、実は 原点と通じていた。
ブラーマグプタ（Brahmagupta、598年 – 668年?）はインドの数学者・天文学者。ブラマグプタとも呼ばれる。その著作は、イスラーム世界やヨーロッパにインド数学や天文学を伝える役割を果たした。
628年に、総合的な数理天文書『ブラーマ・スプタ・シッダーンタ』（ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta）を著した。この中の数章で数学が扱われており、第12章はガニタ（算術）、第18章はクッタカ（代数）にあてられている。クッタカという語は、もとは「粉々に砕く」という意味だったが、のちに係数の値を小さくしてゆく逐次過程の方法を意味するようになり、代数の中で不定解析を表すようになった。この書では、 0 と負の数にも触れていて、その算法は現代の考え方に近い（ただし 0 ÷ 0 ＝ 0 と定義している点は現代と異なっている）
628年に、総合的な数理天文書『ブラーマ・スプタ・シッダーンタ』（ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta）を著した。この中の数章で数学が扱われており、第12章はガニタ（算術）、第18章はクッタカ（代数）にあてられている。クッタカという語は、もとは「粉々に砕く」という意味だったが、のちに係数の値を小さくしてゆく逐次過程の方法を意味するようになり、代数の中で不定解析を表すようになった。この書では、 0 と負の数にも触れていて、その算法は現代の考え方に近い（ただし 0 ÷ 0 ＝ 0 と定義している点は現代と異なっている）
ブラーマ・スプタ・シッダーンタ (Brahmasphutasiddhanta) は、7世紀のインドの数学者・天文学者であるブラーマグプタの628年の著作である。表題は宇宙の始まりという意味。
数としての「0（ゼロ）の概念」がはっきりと書かれた、現存する最古の書物として有名である。https://ja.wikipedia.org/…/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%8… より
数としての「0（ゼロ）の概念」がはっきりと書かれた、現存する最古の書物として有名である。https://ja.wikipedia.org/…/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%8… より
ゼロ除算の歴史：ゼロ除算はゼロで割ることを考えるであるが、アリストテレス以来問題とされ、ゼロの記録がインドで初めて６２８年になされているが、既にそのとき、正解1/0が期待されていたと言う。しかし、理論づけられず、その後１３００年を超えて、不可能である、あるいは無限、無限大、無限遠点とされてきたものである。
An Early Reference to Division by Zero C. B. Boyer
http://www.fen.bilkent.edu.tr/~franz/M300/zero.pdf
http://www.fen.bilkent.edu.tr/~franz/M300/zero.pdf
Impact of ‘Division by Zero’ in Einstein’s Static Universe and Newton’s Equations in Classical Mechanics：http://gsjournal.net/…/Research%20Papers-Rela…/Download/2084 より
神秘的に美しい3つの公式：
面白い事にゼロ除算については、いろいろな説が現在存在します
しかし、間もなく決着がつくのではないでしょうか。
しかし、間もなく決着がつくのではないでしょうか。
ゼロ除算は、なにもかも当たり前ではないでしょうか。
ラース・ヴァレリアン・アールフォルス（Lars Valerian Ahlfors、1907年4月18日-1996年10月11日）はフィンランドの数学者。リーマン面の研究と複素解析の教科書を書いたことで知られる。https://ja.wikipedia.org/…/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%8…
フィールズ賞第一号
フィールズ賞第一号
COMPLEX ANALYSIS, 3E (International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics) (英語) ハードカバー – 1979/1/1
Lars Ahlfors (著)
http://www.amazon.co.jp/COMPLEX-ANALYSI…/…/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_1…
Lars Ahlfors (著)
http://www.amazon.co.jp/COMPLEX-ANALYSI…/…/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_1…
原点の円に関する鏡像は、実は 原点であった。
本では、無限遠点と考えられていました。
本では、無限遠点と考えられていました。
Ramanujan says that answer for 0/0 is infinity. But I'm not sure it's ...
https://www.quora.com/Ramanujan-says-that-answer-for-0-0-is…...
https://www.quora.com/Ramanujan-says-that-answer-for-0-0-is…...
You can see from the other answers, that from the concept of limits, 0/0 can approach any value, even infinity. ... So, let me take a system where division by zero is actually defined, that is, you can multiply or divide both sides of an equation by ...
Abel Memorial in Gjerstad
Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero
H. G. Romig
The American Mathematical Monthly
Vol. 31, No. 8 (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389
Published by: Mathematical Association of America
DOI: 10.2307/2298825
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2298825
Page Count: 3
H. G. Romig
The American Mathematical Monthly
Vol. 31, No. 8 (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389
Published by: Mathematical Association of America
DOI: 10.2307/2298825
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2298825
Page Count: 3
ロピタルの定理 (ロピタルのていり、英: l'Hôpital's rule) とは、微分積分学において不定形 (en) の極限を微分を用いて求めるための定理である。綴りl'Hôpital / l'Hospital、カタカナ表記ロピタル / ホスピタルの揺れについてはギヨーム・ド・ロピタルの項を参照。ベルヌーイの定理 (英語: Bernoulli's rule) と呼ばれることもある。本定理を (しばしば複数回) 適用することにより、不定形の式を非不定形の式に変換し、その極限値を容易に求めることができる可能性がある。https://ja.wikipedia.org/…/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%94%E3%82%BF%E3%8…
Ein aufleuchtender Blitz: Niels Henrik Abel und seine Zeit
https://books.google.co.jp/books?isbn=3642558402 -
https://books.google.co.jp/books?isbn=3642558402 -
Arild Stubhaug - 2013 - Mathematics
Niels Henrik Abel und seine Zeit Arild Stubhaug. Abb. 19 a–c. a. ... Eine Kurve, die Abel studierte und dabei herausfand, wie sich der Umfang inn gleich große Teile aufteilen lässt. ... Beim Integralzeichen statt der liegenden ∞ den Bruch 1/0.
Indeterminate: the hidden power of 0 divided by 0
2016/12/02 に公開
You've all been indoctrinated into accepting that you cannot divide by zero. Find out about the beautiful mathematics that results when you do it anyway in calculus. Featuring some of the most notorious "forbidden" expressions like 0/0 and 1^∞ as well as Apple's Siri and Sir Isaac Newton.
2016/12/02 に公開
You've all been indoctrinated into accepting that you cannot divide by zero. Find out about the beautiful mathematics that results when you do it anyway in calculus. Featuring some of the most notorious "forbidden" expressions like 0/0 and 1^∞ as well as Apple's Siri and Sir Isaac Newton.
ゼロ除算の論文：
file:///C:/Users/saito%20saburo/Downloads/P1-Division.pdf より
Eulerのゼロ除算に関する想い：
file:///C:/Users/saito%20saburo/Downloads/Y_1770_Euler_Elements%20of%20algebra%20traslated%201840%20l%20p%2059%20(1).pdf より
file:///C:/Users/saito%20saburo/Downloads/Y_1770_Euler_Elements%20of%20algebra%20traslated%201840%20l%20p%2059%20(1).pdf より
An Approach to Overcome Division by Zero in the Interval Gauss Algorithm
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1015565313636
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1015565313636
Carolus Fridericus Gauss：https://www.slideshare.net/fgz08/gauss-elimination-4686597
Archimedes：Arbelos
https://www.math.nyu.edu/~cro…/Archimedes/Stamps/stamps.html より
https://www.math.nyu.edu/~cro…/Archimedes/Stamps/stamps.html より
Archimedes Principle in Completely Submerged Balloons: Revisited
Ajay Sharma：
Ajay Sharma：
file:///C:/Users/saito%20saburo/Desktop/research_papers_mechanics___electrodynamics_science_journal_3499.pdf
［PDF]Indeterminate Form in the Equations of Archimedes, Newton and Einstein
http://gsjournal.net/…/Research%20Papers-Rela…/Download/3222
このページを訳す
0. 0 . The reason is that in the case of Archimedes principle, equations became feasible in. 1935 after enunciation of the principle in 1685, when ... Although division by zero is not permitted, yet it smoothly follows from equations based upon.
http://gsjournal.net/…/Research%20Papers-Rela…/Download/3222
このページを訳す
0. 0 . The reason is that in the case of Archimedes principle, equations became feasible in. 1935 after enunciation of the principle in 1685, when ... Although division by zero is not permitted, yet it smoothly follows from equations based upon.
Thinking ahead of Archimedes, Newton and Einstein - The General ...
gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Communications.../5503
このページを訳す
old Archimedes Principle, Newton' s law, Einstein 's mass energy equation. E=mc2 . .... filled in balloon becomes INDETERMINATE (0/0). It is not justified. If the generalized form Archimedes principle is used then we get exact volume V .....
gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Communications.../5503
このページを訳す
old Archimedes Principle, Newton' s law, Einstein 's mass energy equation. E=mc2 . .... filled in balloon becomes INDETERMINATE (0/0). It is not justified. If the generalized form Archimedes principle is used then we get exact volume V .....
Find circles that are tangent to three given circles (Apollonius’ Problem) in C#
ゼロ除算に関する詩：
The reason we cannot devide by zero is simply axiomatic as Plato pointed out.
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