India’s BQ: From ‘Shunyata’ To Tomorrow

This is a series of articles by leaders on how India can raise its Business Quotient.

India’s past embeds heuristics which can help us manage our future. Her ancient texts gave us the concept of Shunyata, i.e., the source of life is nothingness. It also provides us with the view that the spirit is the whole and from the whole, if the whole is removed, the whole still remains.

ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदं पूर्णात्पुर्णमुदच्यते

पूर्णस्य पूर्णमादाय पूर्णमेवावशिष्यते ॥

These apparently opposite explanations of the source of life or the universe were converted into a mathematical equation by the great mathematician of the 7th century Brahmagupta – an equation that gives us the central idea of the India of the future.

Brahmagupta was the first mathematician to recognize the significance of zero. Brahmagupta saw that zero could be split into two equal but opposite components like the ancients had experienced and postulated. Brahmagupta argued that zero was the number which resulted from adding any number to its negative partner like “one” plus “minus one”. This rule laid out by Brahmagupta for calculating with zero surprisingly forms the foundation of several mathematics and physics principles. Brahmagupta’s conceptual trick of splitting nothing into two equal but opposite components arguably underpins the big bang theory, i.e., the universe was created from nothing, in the big bang, and may one day returns to nothing, in a big crunch or helps explain anti-matter as the opposite of matter. How is this concept of zero relevant to guide us in making choices in the coming years?

Every positive has a negative, every condition is balanced by its opposite.

It brings us to the concept of barbells in life or in managing the Indian economy. This heuristic and, in fact, mathematical insight leads us to believe that a one sided view on economic matters is a faulty approach.

Let us examine this in the context of managing India’s future. It is widely recognized that India has among the best demographics in an aging world. However, this positive is offset by a population that is sub-standard in terms of health and education. But India also has a rich culture to guide its people – and arguably the average Indian is hard-working and highly aspirant. Now, India is also genetically coded for risk taking – India has been renowned for its trading instincts even though these appear to have faded in recent decades. This genetic coding has not gone away.

Given half a chance, i.e., a better environment to do business, we think it is plausible that several wage earners plunge into entrepreneurial ventures – a crucial ingredient for prosperity in the modern society.

Albeit at the same time, India needs to fund the education and skilling of a vast army of daily wage earners or the salaried class. This is the barbell or shunya approach from ancient India. Other such examples include:

Vibrant capitalism and private enterprise versus state owned activities in non-profitable areas.
Centralised policy making and decentralised or state-level implementation.
Centralised tax collection (GST), decentralised spending (states or municipalities).
Price controls for government-sponsored essential services and a market-led economy for all others.

Even from a stock market investors’ perspective, the concept of barbell is crucial.

Investing on the basis of a forecast of the future is fraught with risk – the future is neigh impossible to predict.

Instead, investors are better off by preparing their portfolios for scenarios. Recalling Brahmagupta’s concept of zero, the investment portfolio at one end should contain steady low but highly predictable returning assets in large quantities; and at the other end should contain low exposures to high-return and high-risk opportunities which may also yield nothing in a path dependent future, but could generate a massive fortune too if things go right.

This barbell methodology may be controversial and may even appear risk averse but in the long run, generates better outcomes. This approach is also less prescriptive but could be a superior way to overcome uncertainty.

The concept of Shunyata is just one example of India’s culture and its relevance to the modern world. Lindy effect is in play with many of ancient Indian practices. Lindy effect is a concept that the future life expectancy of non-perishable things like an idea is proportional to their current age so that every additional period of survival implies a longer remaining life expectancy. Ancient India already had the ideas and their survival for several millennia suggests that they will continue to survive for a few more millennia. We just need to put a modern context to these ideas to power the country ahead.

Ridham Desai is managing director at Morgan Stanley India and also serves as head of equity research and India equity strategist.

The views expressed here are those of the author’s and do not necessarily represent the views of BloombergQuint or its editorial team.https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2017/09/06/ridham-desai-on-indias-bq-from-shunyata-to-tomorrow

とても興味深く読みました：

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}

\numberwithin{equation}{section}

\begin{document}

\title{\bf Announcement 380: What is the zero?\\

(2017.8.21)}

\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\

Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\

Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\

}

\date{\today}

\maketitle

\section{What is the zero?}

The zero $0$ as the complex number or real number is given clearly by the axions by the complex number field and real number field.

For this fundamental idea, we should consider the {\bf Yamada field} containing the division by zero. The Yamada field and the division by zero calculus will arrange our mathematics, beautifully and completely; this will be our natural and complete mathematics.

\medskip

\section{ Double natures of the zero $z=0$}

The zero point $z=0$ represents the double natures; one is the origin at the starting point and another one is a representation of the point at infinity. One typical and simple example is given by $e^0 = 1,0$, two values. {\bf God loves two}.

\section{Standard value}

\medskip

The zero is a center and stand point (or bases, a standard value) of the coordinates - here we will consider our situation on the complex or real 2 dimensional spaces. By stereographic

projection mapping or the Yamada field, the point at infinity $1/0$ is represented by zero. The origin of the coordinates and the point at infinity correspond each other.

As the standard value, for the point $\omega_n = \exp \left(\frac{\pi}{n}i\right)$ on the unit circle $|z|=1$ on the complex $z$-plane is, for $n = 0$:

\begin{equation}

\omega_0 = \exp \left(\frac{\pi}{0}i\right)=1, \quad \frac{\pi}{0} =0.

\end{equation}

For the mean value

M_n = \frac{x_1 + x_2 +... + x_n}{n},

we have

M_0 = 0 = \frac{0}{0}.

\medskip

\section{ Fruitful world}

\medskip

For example, for very and very general partial differential equations, if the coefficients or terms are zero, then we have some simple differential equations and the extreme case is all the terms are zero; that is, we have trivial equations $0=0$; then its solution is zero. When we consider the converse, we see that the zero world is a fruitful one and it means some vanishing world. Recall Yamane phenomena (\cite{kmsy}), the vanishing result is very simple zero, however, it is the result from some fruitful world. Sometimes, zero means void or nothing world, however, it will show {\bf some changes} as in the Yamane phenomena.

\section{From $0$ to $0$; $0$ means all and all are $0$}

\medskip

As we see from our life figure (\cite{osm}), a story starts from the zero and ends with the zero. This will mean that $0$ means all and all are $0$. The zero is a {\bf mother} or an {\bf origin} of all.

\medskip

\section{ Impossibility}

\medskip

As the solution of the simplest equation

\begin{equation}

ax =b

\end{equation}

we have $x=0$ for $a=0, b\ne 0$ as the standard value, or the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse. This will mean in a sense, the solution does not exist; to solve the equation (6.1) is impossible.

We saw for different parallel lines or different parallel planes, their common points are the origin. Certainly they have the common points of the point at infinity and the point at infinity is represented by zero. However, we can understand also that they have no solutions, no common points, because the point at infinity is an ideal point.

Of course. we can consider the equation (6.1) even the case $a=b=0$ and then we have the solution $x=0$ as we stated.

We will consider the simple differential equation

\begin{equation}

m\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} =0, m\frac{d^2y}{dt^2} =-mg

\end{equation}

with the initial conditions, at $t =0$

\begin{equation}

\frac{dx}{dt} = v_0 \cos \alpha , \frac{d^2x}{dt^2} = \frac{d^2y}{dt^2}=0.

\end{equation}

Then, the highest high $h$, arriving time $t$, the distance $d$ from the starting point at the origin to the point $y(2t) =0$ are given by

\begin{equation}

h = \frac{v_0 \sin^2 \alpha}{2g}, d= \frac{v_0\sin \alpha}{g}

\end{equation}

and

\begin{equation}

t= \frac{v_0 \sin \alpha}{g}.

\end{equation}

For the case $g=0$, we have $h=d =t=0$. We considered the case that they are the infinity; however, our mathematics means zero, which shows impossibility.

These phenomena were looked many cases on the universe; it seems that {\bf God does not like the infinity}.

\bibliographystyle{plain}

\begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{kmsy}

M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,

New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,

Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

\bibitem{msy}

H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M.Yamada,

Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

\bibitem{ms}

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,

Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$, Advances in Linear Algebra

\& Matrix Theory, 6 (2016), 51-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007 http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt　

\bibitem{mos}

H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura, and S. Saitoh,

Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces.

International Journal of Mathematics and Computation Vol. 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.　

\bibitem{osm}

H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,

Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.

\bibitem{romig}

H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,

American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 31, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389.

\bibitem{s}

S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

\bibitem{s16}

S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,

Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182 (Springer).

\bibitem{ttk}

S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.

\bibitem{ann179}

Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.

\bibitem{ann185}

Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann237}

Announcement 237 (2015.6.18): A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by geometrical optics.

\bibitem{ann246}

Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.

\bibitem{ann247}

Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann250}

Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? - the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann252}

Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and

curvature - an interpretation by Mr.

Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by

zero $r/0 = 0$.

\bibitem{ann281}

Announcement 281 (2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann282}

Announcement 282 (2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.

\bibitem{ann293}

Announcement 293 (2016.3.27): Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.

\bibitem{ann300}

Announcement 300 (2016.05.22): New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann326}

Announcement 326 (2016.10.17): The division by zero z/0=0 - its impact to human beings through education and research.

\bibitem{ann352}

Announcement 352(2017.2.2): On the third birthday of the division by zero z/0=0.

\bibitem{ann354}

Announcement 354(2017.2.8):　What are $n = 2,1,0$ regular polygons inscribed in a disc? -- relations of $0$ and infinity.

\bibitem{362}

Announcement 362(2017.5.5): Discovery of the division by zero as

$0/0=1/0=z/0=0$.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

The division by zero is uniquely and reasonably determined as 1/0=0/0=z/0=0 in the natural extensions of fractions. We have to change our basic ideas for our space and world

Division by Zero z/0 = 0 in Euclidean Spaces

Hiroshi Michiwaki, Hiroshi Okumura and Saburou Saitoh

International Journal of Mathematics and Computation Vol. 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1

-16.　

http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt　　http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007

http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

http://www.diogenes.bg/ijam/contents/2014-27-2/9/9.pdf

http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/division%20by%20zero/announcement%20326-%20the%20divi

http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/

Relations of 0 and infinity

Hiroshi Okumura, Saburou Saitoh　and Tsutomu Matsuura：

http://www.e-jikei.org/…/Camera%20ready%20manuscript_JTSS_A…