【大人に聞いた】数学の大事さは後から気づく？

　

[2016/08/25]

因数分解やルートの計算……「数学の勉強なんて将来役に立たない」と感じたことがある人もいるのではないでしょうか。しかし、大人になってから「高校生のころ、ちゃんと勉強しておけばよかった」と思う機会は意外に多いようです。そこで大学生から社会人の先輩に聞いてみました。

■理系の人たちのエピソード

「研究で電気回路の設計を行う際に、三角関数や微分積分は頻繁に使う。もともと数学が得意だったので、今はすごくラクできていると思う。高校生のときにちゃんと勉強しておいてよかったと改めて大切さに気づいた」（24歳男性／大学院生）

理数系の人たちにとって、高校の数学は基礎となります。専門に勉強している人にとっては、確実に必要な知識ですよね。

「プログラムを組むときに必要となる論理的な思考力は、数学を勉強してきたからこそ育まれたと思っている。普通に生活していて、数学の勉強ほど論理的に頭を働かすことってまずないのでは」（36歳男性／プログラマー）

たしかに数学を解くときに使う思考は特殊ですよね。数学的な思考能力は勉強するなかで培われるものでしょう。

■文系の人たちのエピソード

「高校のとき、数学のテストで4点を取ったこともあり……それぐらい数学が苦手で（笑）。でもわからないなりに勉強して、やっと平均点くらいは取れるようにはなった。苦手な数学を克服できたことは、自分にとって今でも大きな自信になっている」（29歳女性／広告）

苦手な数学に取り組んだ経験が自分のためになったと感じている人も。

「数字を読み解くようなスキルなど、数学の知識があればいいなと思うことはしょっちゅう。今から勉強しようにも、どうも若いころよりも飲み込みが悪く……。中高生のときに数学をきちんと勉強していなかったがために、今の自分の選択肢を狭めてしまっている気がする」（40歳男性／食品）

自分の選択肢を広げておくという意味で、数学の勉強は無駄にならないかもしれません。

■意外なことで後悔した瞬間も

「『数学を使うような仕事に就かないから大丈夫』とずっと勉強をサボってきた。しかし、大人になって好きになった相手がなんと数学の先生！　『勉強しておけば話の引き出しがたくさんあったのに！』と後悔した（笑）」（26歳女性／美容）

たしかに数学の知識があれば、好きな人との会話も盛り上がるのかも？

数学の勉強が嫌いな人もいるかもしれませんが、文系理系に限らず必要だと感じる場面はあるもの。勉強の内容だけでなく、数学を理解することによって論理的な思考力もつきます。勉強しておくと自分のためになることを忘れずに取り組めば、無駄ではなかったと思える瞬間が必ずくるはずですよ！https://gakumado.mynavi.jp/gmd/articles/40203

非常に参考になりました：

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\begin{document}

\title{\bf  Announcement 300:  New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0\\

(2016.05.22)}

\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\

Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\

Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\

%\date{\today}

\maketitle

{\bf Abstract: } In this announcement, for its importance we would like to state the

situation on the division by zero and propose basic new challenges.

\bigskip

\section{Introduction}

%\label{sect1}

By a {\bf natural extension} of the fractions

\begin{equation}

\frac{b}{a}

\end{equation}

for any complex numbers $a$ and $b$, we found the simple and beautiful result, for any complex number $b$

\begin{equation}

\frac{b}{0}=0,

\end{equation}

incidentally in \cite{s} by the Tikhonov regularization for the Hadamard product inversions for matrices and we discussed their properties and gave several physical interpretations on the general fractions in \cite{kmsy} for the  case of real numbers.

 The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628,  however,

  Sin-Ei Takahasi (\cite{kmsy}) established a simple and decisive interpretation (1.2) by analyzing the extensions of fractions and by showing the complete characterization for the property (1.2):

 \bigskip

 {\bf  Proposition 1. }{\it Let F be a function from  ${\bf C }\times {\bf C }$  to ${\bf C }$ satisfying

$$

F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad) 

$$

for all

$$

a, b, c, d  \in {\bf C }

$$

and

$$

F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a },  \quad   a, b  \in  {\bf C }, a \ne 0.

$$

Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C } $

$$

F (b, 0) = 0.

$$

}

 Note that the complete proof of this proposition is simply given by  2 or 3 lines.

\medskip

We thus should consider, for any complex number $b$, as  (1.2);

that is, for the mapping

\begin{equation}

w = \frac{1}{z},

\end{equation}

the image of $z=0$ is $w=0$ ({\bf should be defined}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the  point at infinity on the Riemann sphere. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to complex analysis and to our ideas for the space and universe.

However, the division by zero (1.2) is now clear, indeed, for the introduction of (1.2), we have several independent approaches as in:

\medskip

1) by the generalization of the fractions by the Tikhonov regularization or by the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse,

\medskip

2) by the intuitive meaning of the fractions (division) by H. Michiwaki,

\medskip

3) by the unique extension of the fractions by S. Takahasi,   as in the above,

\medskip

4) by the extension of the fundamental function $W = 1/z$ from ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ into ${\bf C}$ such that $W =1/z$ is a one to one and onto mapping from $ {\bf C} \setminus \{0\} $ onto ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ and the division by zero $1/0=0$ is a one to one and onto mapping extension of the function $W =1/z $ from  ${\bf C}$ onto ${\bf C}$,

\medskip

and

\medskip

5) by considering the values of functions with the mean values of functions.

\medskip

Furthermore, in (\cite{msy}) we gave the results in order to show the reality of the division by zero in our world:

\medskip

\medskip

A) a field structure  containing the division by zero --- the Yamada field ${\bf Y}$,

\medskip

B)  by the gradient of the $y$ axis on the $(x,y)$ plane --- $\tan \frac{\pi}{2} =0$,

\medskip

C) by the reflection $W =1/\overline{z}$ of $W= z$ with respect to the unit circle with center at the origin on the complex $z$ plane --- the reflection point of zero is zero,

\medskip

and

\medskip

D) by considering rotation of a right circular cone having some very interesting

phenomenon  from some practical and physical problem.

\medskip

In (\cite{mos}),  many division by zero results in Euclidean spaces are given and  the basic idea at the point at infinity should be changed. In (\cite{ms}), we gave beautiful geometrical interpretations of determinants from the viewpoint of the division by zero. The results show that the division by zero is our basic and elementary mathematics in our world.

\medskip

See  J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker \cite{bht} for the relationship between fields and the division by zero, and the importance of the division by zero for computer science. It seems that the relationship of the division by zero and field structures are abstract in their paper.

Meanwhile,  J. P.  Barukcic and I.  Barukcic (\cite{bb}) discussed recently the relation between the divisions $0/0$, $1/0$ and special relative theory of Einstein. However, their logic seems to be curious and their results contradict with ours.

 Furthermore,  T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson (\cite{ra,ra2}) extend the system of the real numbers by introducing an ideal number for the division by zero $0/0$.

 Meanwhile, we should refer to up-to-date information:

{\it Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough

Kurt Arbenz

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272022137 Riemann Hypothesis Addendum -   Breakthrough.}

\medskip

Here, we recall Albert Einstein's words on mathematics:

Blackholes are where God divided by zero.

I don't believe in mathematics.

George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} [1]：

1. Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.

 For our ideas on the division by zero, see the survey style announcements 179,185,237,246,247,250 and 252 of the Institute of Reproducing Kernels (\cite{ann179,ann185,ann237,ann246,ann247,ann250,ann252,ann293}).

\section{On mathematics}

Apparently, the division by zero is a great missing in our mathematics and the result (1.2) is definitely determined as our basic mathematics, as we see from Proposition 1.  Note  its very general assumptions and  many fundamental evidences in our world in (\cite{kmsy,msy,mos}). The results will give great impacts  on Euclidean spaces, analytic geometry, calculus, differential equations, complex analysis and  physical problems. See our announcements for the details.

The mysterious history of the division by zero over one thousand years is a great shame of  mathematicians and human race on the world history, like the Ptolemaic system (geocentric theory). The division by zero will become a typical  symbol of foolish human race with long and unceasing struggles. Future people will realize this fact as a definite common sense.

We should check and fill our mathematics, globally and beautifully, from the viewpoint of the division by zero. Our mathematics will be more perfect and beautiful,  and will give great impacts to our basic ideas on the universe.

\section{Albert Einstein's biggest blunder}

The division by zero is directly related to the Einstein's theory and various

physical problems

containing the division by zero.  Now we should check the theory and the problems by the concept of the RIGHT and DEFINITE division by zero. Now is the best time since 100 years from Albert Einstein. It seems that the background knowledge is timely fruitful.

\section{Computer systems}

The above Professors listed are wishing the contributions in order to avoid the zero division trouble in computers. Now,  we should arrange  new computer systems in order not to meet the division by zero trouble in computer systems.

\section{General  ideas on the universe}

The division by zero may be related to religion,  philosophy and the ideas on the universe, and it will creat a new world. Look the new world.

\bigskip

We are standing on a new  generation and in front of the new world, as in the discovery of the Americas.

 \bigskip

\bibliographystyle{plain}

\begin{thebibliography}{10}

\bibitem{bb}

J. P.  Barukcic and I.  Barukcic, Anti Aristotle—The Division of Zero by Zero. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics,  {\bf 4}(2016), 749-761.

doi: 10.4236/jamp.2016.44085.

\bibitem{bht}

J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker,

Meadows and the equational specification of division (arXiv:0901.0823v1[math.RA] 7 Jan 2009).

\bibitem{cs}

L. P.  Castro and S. Saitoh,  Fractional functions and their representations,  Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.

\bibitem{kmsy}

M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,

New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,

Int. J. Appl. Math.  {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198,  DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.

\bibitem{ms}

T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,

Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,

Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory (ALAMT)(to appear).

\bibitem{msy}

H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh,  and  M.Yamada,

Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$.  IJAPM  International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html

\bibitem{mos}

H.  Michiwaki, H. Okumura, and S. Saitoh,

Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces.

 International Journal of Mathematics and Computation

 (in press).

\bibitem{ra}

T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,

Transdifferential and Transintegral Calculus,

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014 Vol I

WCECS 2014, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francisco, USA

\bibitem{ra2}

T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,

Transreal Calculus,

IAENG  International J. of Applied Math., {\bf 45}(2015):  IJAM 45 1 06.

\bibitem{s}

S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices,  Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory.  {\bf 4}  (2014), no. 2,  87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/

\bibitem{ttk}

S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi,  Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields,  Tokyo Journal of Mathematics,   {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.

\bibitem{ann179}

Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.

\bibitem{ann185}

Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann237}

Announcement 237 (2015.6.18):  A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by  geometrical optics.

\bibitem{ann246}

Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.

\bibitem{ann247}

Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann250}

Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? -  the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann252}

Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and

curvature - an interpretation by Mr.

Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by

zero $r/0 = 0$.

\bibitem{ann281}

Announcement 281(2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.

\bibitem{ann282}

Announcement 282(2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.

\bibitem{ann293}

Announcement 293(2016.3.27):  Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}