让孩子爱上数学：从数学家的故事开始
很多伟大的数学家有一些传奇的故事，在这些故事中，不是无意义的琐碎，也不是一些让人盲目追求的癖好。而且一些高贵的品质和令人称艳的能力，让我们对其敬仰，这些伟人也会因此成为我们的偶像，让孩子有一个追逐的目标。如果孩子认为数学是枯燥的，对数学没兴趣。就让他看看数学家的故事吧：
Top1：伽利略质疑权威
伽利略17岁那年，考进了比萨大学医科专业。
有一次上课，比罗教授讲胚胎学。他讲道：“母亲生男孩还是生女孩，是由父亲的强弱决定的。父亲身体强壮，母亲就生男孩；父亲身体衰弱，母亲就生女孩。”
比罗教授的话音刚落，伽利略就举手说道：“老师，我有疑问。我的邻居，男的身体非常强壮，可他的妻子一连生了5个女儿。这与老师讲的正好相反，这该怎么解释？”
“我是根据古希腊著名学者亚里士多德的观点讲的，不会错！”比罗教授想压服他。
伽利略继续说：“难道亚里士多德讲的不符合事实，也要硬说是对的吗？科学一定要与事实符合，否则就不是真正的科学。”比罗教授被问倒了，下不了台。
后来，伽利略果然受到了校方的批评，但是，他勇于坚持、好学善问、追求真理的精神却丝毫没有改变。正因为这样，他才最终成为一代科学巨匠
Top2：小欧拉怀疑上帝
小欧拉在一个教会学校里读书。有次，他向老师提问，天上有多少颗星星。老师是个神学的信徒，他不知道天上究竟有多少颗星，圣经上也没有回答过。这个老师不懂装懂，回答欧拉说："天有有多少颗星星，这无关紧要，只要知道天上的星星是上帝镶嵌上去的就够了。"
欧拉感到很奇怪：”天那么大，那么高，地上没有扶梯，上帝是怎么把星星一颗一颗镶嵌到一在幕上的呢？上帝亲自把它们一颗一颗地放在天幕，他为什么忘记了星星的数目呢？上帝会不会太粗心了呢？”
老师又一次被问住了。心中顿时升起一股怒气，这不仅是因为孩的问题使老师下不了台，更主要的是，老师把上帝看得高于一切。小欧拉居然责怪上帝为什么没有记住星星的数目，言外之意是对万能的上帝提出了怀疑。
在欧拉的年代，对上帝是绝对不能怀疑的。小欧拉没有与教会、与上帝"保持一致"，老师就让他离开学校回家。但是，在小欧拉心中，上帝神圣的光环消失了。他想，上帝是个窝囊废，他怎么连天上的星星也记不住？他又想，上帝是个独裁者，连提出问题都成了罪。上帝也许是个别人编造出来的家伙，根本就不存在。
Top 3：小欧拉机智改羊圈
小欧拉帮助爸爸放羊，成了一个牧童。他一面放羊，一面读书。
爸爸的羊群渐渐增多了，达到了100只。原来的羊圈有点小了，爸爸决定建造一个新的羊圈。他用尺量出了一块长方形的土地，长40米，宽15米，他一算，面积正好是600平方米，平均每一头羊占地6平方米。他发现他的材料只够围100米的篱笆。若要围成长40米，宽15米的羊圈，其周长将是110米（15+15+40+40=110）父亲感到很为难。
小欧拉却向父亲说，不用缩小羊圈，他有办法。父亲不相信小欧拉会有办法。心想："世界上哪有这样便宜的事情？"但是，小欧拉却坚持说，他一定能两全齐美。父亲终于同意让儿子试试看。
小欧拉见父亲同意了，站起身来，跑到准备动工的羊圈旁。他以一个木桩为中心，将原来的40米边长截短，缩短到25米。跑到另一条边上，将原来15米的边长延长，又增加了10米，变成了25米。经这样一改，原来计划中的羊圈变成了一个25米边长的正方形。
父亲照着小欧拉设计的羊圈扎上了篱笆，100米长的篱笆真的够了，不多不少，全部用光。面积也足够了，而且还稍稍大了一些。
父亲感到，让这么聪明的孩子放羊实在是及可惜了。后来，他想办法让小欧拉认识了一个大数学家伯努利。通过这位数学家的推荐，1720年，小欧拉成了巴塞尔大学的大学生。这一年，小欧拉13岁，是这所大学最年轻的大学生。
Top 4：8岁高斯发现了数学定理
德国著名大科学家高斯(1777～1855)出生在一个贫穷的家庭。高斯在还不会讲话就自己学计算，在三岁时有一天晚上他看着父亲在算工钱时，还纠正父亲计算的错误。
有一天高斯的数学教师情绪低落的一天。对同学们说：“你们今天替我算从1加2加3一直到100的和。谁算不出来就罚他不能回家吃午饭。”
结果不到半个小时，小高斯拿起了他的石板走上前去。“老师，答案是不是这样？”
老师头也不抬，挥着那肥厚的手，说：“去，回去再算！错了。”
高斯却站着不动，把石板伸向老师面前：“老师！我想这个答案是对的。”
数学老师本来想怒吼起来，可是一看石板上写了这样的数：5050，他惊奇起来，这个8岁的小鬼怎么这样快就得到了答案呢？
高斯解释他发现的一个方法，这个方法就是古时希腊人和中国人用来计算级数1+2+3+…+n的方法。高斯的发现使老师觉得羞愧，觉得自己以前目空一切和轻视穷人家的孩子的观点是不对的。他以后也认真教起书来，并且还常从城里买些数学书自己进修并借给高斯看。在他的鼓励下，高斯以后便在数学上作了一些重要的研究了。
Top 5：陈景润攻克歌德巴赫猜想
陈景润一个家喻户晓的数学家，在攻克歌德巴赫猜想方面作出了重大贡献，创立了著名的“陈氏定理”，所以有许多人亲切地称他为“数学王子”。但有谁会想到，他的成就源于一个故事。
1937年，勤奋的陈景润考上了福州英华书院，此时正值抗日战争时期，清华大学航空工程系主任留英博士沈元教授回福建奔丧，不想因战事被滞留家乡。几所大学得知消息，都想邀请沈教授前进去讲学，他谢绝了邀请。由于他是英华的校友，为了报达母校，他来到了这所中学为同学们讲授数学课。
一天，沈元老师在数学课上给大家讲了一故事：“200年前有个法国人发现了一个有趣的现象：6=3+3，8=5+3，10=5+5，12=5+7，28= 5+23，100=11+89。每个大于4的偶数都可以表示为两个奇数之和。因为这个结论没有得到证明，所以还是一个猜想。大数学欧拉说过：虽然我不能证明它，但是我确信这个结论是正确的。
它像一个美丽的光环，在我们不远的前方闪耀着眩目的光辉。……”陈景润瞪着眼睛，听得入神。
查看更多相关文章，欢迎关注睿丁少儿英语微信公众号：reading-china（长按复制）。现在关注可获赠价值399元的青少儿学习礼包！http://learning.sohu.com/20160830/n466715378.shtml
とてもためになりました：
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 300: New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0\\
(2016.05.22)}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\
Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\
%\date{\today}
\maketitle
{\bf Abstract: } In this announcement, for its importance we would like to state the
situation on the division by zero and propose basic new challenges.
\bigskip
\section{Introduction}
%\label{sect1}
By a {\bf natural extension} of the fractions
\begin{equation}
\frac{b}{a}
\end{equation}
for any complex numbers $a$ and $b$, we found the simple and beautiful result, for any complex number $b$
\begin{equation}
\frac{b}{0}=0,
\end{equation}
incidentally in \cite{s} by the Tikhonov regularization for the Hadamard product inversions for matrices and we discussed their properties and gave several physical interpretations on the general fractions in \cite{kmsy} for the case of real numbers.
The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628, however,
Sin-Ei Takahasi (\cite{kmsy}) established a simple and decisive interpretation (1.2) by analyzing the extensions of fractions and by showing the complete characterization for the property (1.2):
\bigskip
{\bf Proposition 1. }{\it Let F be a function from ${\bf C }\times {\bf C }$ to ${\bf C }$ satisfying
$$
F (b, a)F (c, d)= F (bc, ad)
$$
for all
$$
a, b, c, d \in {\bf C }
$$
and
$$
F (b, a) = \frac {b}{a }, \quad a, b \in {\bf C }, a \ne 0.
$$
Then, we obtain, for any $b \in {\bf C } $
$$
F (b, 0) = 0.
$$
}
Note that the complete proof of this proposition is simply given by 2 or 3 lines.
\medskip
We thus should consider, for any complex number $b$, as (1.2);
that is, for the mapping
\begin{equation}
w = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $w=0$ ({\bf should be defined}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the point at infinity on the Riemann sphere. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to complex analysis and to our ideas for the space and universe.
However, the division by zero (1.2) is now clear, indeed, for the introduction of (1.2), we have several independent approaches as in:
\medskip
1) by the generalization of the fractions by the Tikhonov regularization or by the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse,
\medskip
2) by the intuitive meaning of the fractions (division) by H. Michiwaki,
\medskip
3) by the unique extension of the fractions by S. Takahasi, as in the above,
\medskip
4) by the extension of the fundamental function $W = 1/z$ from ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ into ${\bf C}$ such that $W =1/z$ is a one to one and onto mapping from $ {\bf C} \setminus \{0\} $ onto ${\bf C} \setminus \{0\}$ and the division by zero $1/0=0$ is a one to one and onto mapping extension of the function $W =1/z $ from ${\bf C}$ onto ${\bf C}$,
\medskip
and
\medskip
5) by considering the values of functions with the mean values of functions.
\medskip
Furthermore, in (\cite{msy}) we gave the results in order to show the reality of the division by zero in our world:
\medskip
\medskip
A) a field structure containing the division by zero --- the Yamada field ${\bf Y}$,
\medskip
B) by the gradient of the $y$ axis on the $(x,y)$ plane --- $\tan \frac{\pi}{2} =0$,
\medskip
C) by the reflection $W =1/\overline{z}$ of $W= z$ with respect to the unit circle with center at the origin on the complex $z$ plane --- the reflection point of zero is zero,
\medskip
and
\medskip
D) by considering rotation of a right circular cone having some very interesting
phenomenon from some practical and physical problem.
\medskip
In (\cite{mos}), many division by zero results in Euclidean spaces are given and the basic idea at the point at infinity should be changed. In (\cite{ms}), we gave beautiful geometrical interpretations of determinants from the viewpoint of the division by zero. The results show that the division by zero is our basic and elementary mathematics in our world.
\medskip
See J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker \cite{bht} for the relationship between fields and the division by zero, and the importance of the division by zero for computer science. It seems that the relationship of the division by zero and field structures are abstract in their paper.
Meanwhile, J. P. Barukcic and I. Barukcic (\cite{bb}) discussed recently the relation between the divisions $0/0$, $1/0$ and special relative theory of Einstein. However, their logic seems to be curious and their results contradict with ours.
Furthermore, T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson (\cite{ra,ra2}) extend the system of the real numbers by introducing an ideal number for the division by zero $0/0$.
Meanwhile, we should refer to up-to-date information:
{\it Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough
Kurt Arbenz
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272022137 Riemann Hypothesis Addendum - Breakthrough.}
\medskip
Here, we recall Albert Einstein's words on mathematics:
Blackholes are where God divided by zero.
I don't believe in mathematics.
George Gamow (1904-1968) Russian-born American nuclear physicist and cosmologist remarked that "it is well known to students of high school algebra" that division by zero is not valid; and Einstein admitted it as {\bf the biggest blunder of his life} [1]：
1. Gamow, G., My World Line (Viking, New York). p 44, 1970.
For our ideas on the division by zero, see the survey style announcements 179,185,237,246,247,250 and 252 of the Institute of Reproducing Kernels (\cite{ann179,ann185,ann237,ann246,ann247,ann250,ann252,ann293}).
\section{On mathematics}
Apparently, the division by zero is a great missing in our mathematics and the result (1.2) is definitely determined as our basic mathematics, as we see from Proposition 1. Note its very general assumptions and many fundamental evidences in our world in (\cite{kmsy,msy,mos}). The results will give great impacts on Euclidean spaces, analytic geometry, calculus, differential equations, complex analysis and physical problems. See our announcements for the details.
The mysterious history of the division by zero over one thousand years is a great shame of mathematicians and human race on the world history, like the Ptolemaic system (geocentric theory). The division by zero will become a typical symbol of foolish human race with long and unceasing struggles. Future people will realize this fact as a definite common sense.
We should check and fill our mathematics, globally and beautifully, from the viewpoint of the division by zero. Our mathematics will be more perfect and beautiful, and will give great impacts to our basic ideas on the universe.
\section{Albert Einstein's biggest blunder}
The division by zero is directly related to the Einstein's theory and various
physical problems
containing the division by zero. Now we should check the theory and the problems by the concept of the RIGHT and DEFINITE division by zero. Now is the best time since 100 years from Albert Einstein. It seems that the background knowledge is timely fruitful.
\section{Computer systems}
The above Professors listed are wishing the contributions in order to avoid the zero division trouble in computers. Now, we should arrange new computer systems in order not to meet the division by zero trouble in computer systems.
\section{General ideas on the universe}
The division by zero may be related to religion, philosophy and the ideas on the universe, and it will creat a new world. Look the new world.
\bigskip
We are standing on a new generation and in front of the new world, as in the discovery of the Americas.
\bigskip
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{bb}
J. P. Barukcic and I. Barukcic, Anti Aristotle—The Division of Zero by Zero. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, {\bf 4}(2016), 749-761.
doi: 10.4236/jamp.2016.44085.
\bibitem{bht}
J. A. Bergstra, Y. Hirshfeld and J. V. Tucker,
Meadows and the equational specification of division (arXiv:0901.0823v1[math.RA] 7 Jan 2009).
\bibitem{cs}
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{ms}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero $z/0=0$,
Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory (ALAMT)(to appear).
\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura, and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces.
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation
(in press).
\bibitem{ra}
T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,
Transdifferential and Transintegral Calculus,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2014 Vol I
WCECS 2014, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francisco, USA
\bibitem{ra2}
T. S. Reis and J.A.D.W. Anderson,
Transreal Calculus,
IAENG International J. of Applied Math., {\bf 45}(2015): IJAM 45 1 06.
\bibitem{s}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
\bibitem{ann179}
Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.
\bibitem{ann185}
Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann237}
Announcement 237 (2015.6.18): A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by geometrical optics.
\bibitem{ann246}
Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.
\bibitem{ann247}
Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann250}
Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? - the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann252}
Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and
curvature - an interpretation by Mr.
Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by
zero $r/0 = 0$.
\bibitem{ann281}
Announcement 281(2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann282}
Announcement 282(2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.
\bibitem{ann293}
Announcement 293(2016.3.27): Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
0 件のコメント:
コメントを投稿