Solving Division Of Zero By Zero
Solving division of zero by zero has remained a puzzle in mathematics and physics. Mathematics books say that zero divided by zero is indeterminate and can not be found out. Solving it has become all the more important particularly when we come across a tensor component which is equal to zero and is also required to be divided by another tensor which is also equal to zero.
Zero is naught or nothing or no presence or absence. Interestingly, zero was not considered significant prior to Aristotle probably due to the fact that when something is nonexistent, there is no use of pondering over it. It was Brahmagupta (597 AD – 667AD) an Indian mathematician and astronomer who gave detailed account of zero in his Brahmasphutasiddhanta which lays down that positive multiplied by positive is positive, positive multiplied by negative is negative, negative multiplied by negative is positive, negative multiplied by positive is negative amongst other formulae. However, division by zero was considered naught.
Thereafter, Bhaskar, Indian Mathematician and astronomer, explained the division by zero as infinity. The work of Hindu mathematician travelled to Arabian countries in the west and China in the east. From there it traversed to Europe.Thereafter, English mathematician John Wallis gave it the symbol ∞. Thence on division by zero was recognised as a quantity which is larger than the largest.
Zero divided by zero can be written as (0+0+0+0)/0, since 0+0+0+0+0 is 0. It can also be written as 0+0+0+0+0 as 5 multiplied by 0 as anything multiplied by 0 is 0. Therefore, (0+0+0+0+0)/0 = 5 x 0/0. Considering division of zero by zero is permissible, then 5 x 0/0 becomes equal to 5 on cancelling 0 of numerator with 0 of demoniator. Also since 4 multiplied by zero is zero, therefore, I can write 0/0 = 4 x 0/0 or 4 after cancelling zero in the denominator with zero in the numerator.That means 0/0 is equal to 5 and also 4. That means 5 is equal to 4 but it is absurd since both have different values.
Where is the problem then? While solving 0/0, it was assumed by me that that 0 can be divided by zero as I cancelled 0 in the numerator with zero in the denominator. Thus my assumption that zero can be divided by zero is wrong, I can not cancel zero in the denominator with zero in the numerator. If I do, it leads to absurdity.
Now let us look at zero as a quantity which is extremely small and is tending to zero. Sin x tends to zero when angle x tends to zero. I know calculate Sin x/x when x tends to zero.
That is limit x——>0, Sin x/ x = very very small quantity tending to zero divided by very very small quantity tending to zero. Let this very very small quantity tending to zero is’a’
then Limit x——>0, Sin x/ x = a/a = 1.
But if we were to find the value of Sin x/ x at x = 0, then it becomes 0/0. For the information of my learned readers, here x is not tending to zero but it is zero. There is a huge difference between zero and tending to zero.
I submit that it should not always be considered division of a quantity tending to zero by another quantity tending to zero is always one. In this regard, I give an example of Sin(x/3)/x , limit x——->0 is not one but it is equal to 1/3. To know how it is done, one will have to study chapter of limits in Calculus. However, it is clear from above that a quantity which tends to zero divided by another quantity that also tends zero is divisible but 0/0 is not divisible. We can say that we can obtain limiting value of (—–>0)/(—>0) but not 0/0.
How can then we solve zero divided by zero? For that I refer to Albert Einstein who propounded the theory of relativity which states that quantities mass, time, length are not absolute or constant, their value changes, according to the frame of reference in which these are. For example, time elapsed in completion of an event on earth will be different from that passed at some other planet for the same event depending upon their relative velocity. Time stops for a person who moves with velocity of light with reference to inertial frame of reference. Similarly, mass of an object also varies depending upon its velocity, higher the velocity, more will be the mass.
All particles except some type of Nutrinos, Bosons and Photons which are massless, have mass. Photons which have rest mass zero, move with velocity of light and thus have energy and mass on account of their motion. Einstein deduced the relation between relativistic mass and rest mass as
M = Mo/Gamma ……………………………….(1)
where Gamma = Square root of quantity (1- v squared/c squared),
v is velocity of mass, c velocity of light, Mo rest mass, M relativistic mass.
On squaring and rearranging, we get
Mo squared/M squared = 1 – v squared/c squared…………,,,.(2)
At rest, photon mass Mo, its relivistic mass M are both equal to zero. And also velocity v is zero since photons are being considered at rest.
On substituting these value in equation (2), we get
0/0 = 1 – 0/c squared,
or 0/0 = 1.
This value 1 has been considered by some followers of mathematics to be correct but applicable in case of relativistic photons. In this regard I submit that this value may not be universally applicable and other conditions would also have to be considered in cases other than that of photons. To prove my point, I examine it to ascertain whether the value of 0/0 as 1, passes the tests of scrutiny.
I consider equation (1) and to calculate relativistic mass M, I substitute Mo as 0, velocity of photons v as c.
Then M becomes equal to 0 divided by square root of (1-1/1),
or M = 0/0 but we have calculated 0/0 as 1,
therefore, M = 1. That means, photons should always have same constant mass and therefore should have same constant energy, since E = M x c squared. But practically photons have different energy depending upon their frequencies. Photons constituting ultraviolet light are more energetic than photons constituting infra red light. Therefore, the fact that photons have constant mass as 1, does not match with practical results. It, is therefore, incorrect to conclude that relativistic mass of photon is always one. It is also incorrect to arrive at the value of 0/0 as 1.
It is submitted that light has dual nature, it travels as a wave and also as a particle of quantum of energy photon. Physicist De Broglie gave the hypothesis that matter when it moves, it moves in a wave whose wavelength is equal to Planck constant divided by momentum. Mathematically, this equation is generally written as Lambda = h/p.
Further, he related the energy of the matter in motion with its frequency as Planck constant multiplied by frequency. That is E = h.f ……………………………(3),
where E is energy and f frequency.
Therefore, if the photon has the frequency f, its energy would be h.f and momentum as h/wavelength. That also means if we increase the frequency of photon, its energy will increase. That is why ultraviolet light has more energy than red light.
On equating this energy h.f with M.c squared, we get
M.c squared = h.f or M = h.f/c squared.
This shows that photon acquires mass due to its motion whereas its rest mass is zero. Since velocity of light in a medium is constant, therefore, relativistic mass of photon varies with its frequency.
We have earlier found that relativistic mass of photon is 0/0.
Therefore 0/0 becomes equal to h multiplied by f divided by c squared. But quantity h multiplied by f divided by c squared varies according to the frequency of wave. That means 0/0 will have different values depending upon the frequency of photon.
Can a numerical fraction have different values? No, it should not, will be the natural answer. Let us consider whether 0/0 can have different values simultaneously. We have determined the value of 0/0 as h multiplied by f divided by c squared. Putting different values of frequency as f1, f2, f3 so on, we well get value of 0/0 as h.f1/c squared, h.f2/c squared, h.f3/c squared. Let us say, these are equal to l, m, n ……. so on.
Then 0/0 =l,
0/0=m,
0/0=n
so on.
On crossmultiplication, we get
0 = l X 0 = 0,
0 = m X 0 = 0,
0 = n X 0 = 0
These equalities 0=0 are universal identities, therefore, 0/0 unlike any other fraction, can assume different values defying mathematical principles. That indicates value of 0/0 is not constant but it depends upon the parameters and type of equation where it occurs, in the case of photon, it is h.f/c squared. 0/0 may assume a different value if it happens to occur in some other physical formula involving different parameters.
Before parting with this article, I request my learned readers to check what our electronic gadgets say about zero divided by zero. Interestingly, on enquiring value of zero divided by zero, ‘Siri’ on iPhone, ends his explanation by saying, “You are sad that you have no friends.” I wonder how loneliness is connected with the solution of zero divided by zero. Anyway, let us call it a day.
Have a great day!
End
NB: It is an attempt to solve zero divided by zero and your comments are welcome.
Writer is an Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering graduate and was earlier Scientist, then Instrument Maintenance Engineer, then Civil Servant in Indian Administrative Service (IAS). After retirement, he writes short stories and also on subjects, Astronomy, Mathematics, Yoga, Humanity etc
とても興味深く読みました：ゼロ除算の発見4周年超えた：
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{latexsym,amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amstext,amsthm}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document}
\title{\bf Announcement 412: The 4th birthday of the division by zero $z/0=0$ \\
(2018.2.2)}
\author{{\it Institute of Reproducing Kernels}\\
Kawauchi-cho, 5-1648-16,\\
Kiryu 376-0041, Japan\\
}
\date{\today}
\maketitle
The Institute of Reproducing Kernels is dealing with the theory of division by zero calculus and declares that the division by zero was discovered as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$ in a natural sense on 2014.2.2. The result shows a new basic idea on the universe and space since Aristotelēs (BC384 - BC322) and Euclid (BC 3 Century - ), and the division by zero is since Brahmagupta (598 - 668 ?).
In particular, Brahmagupta defined as $0/0=0$ in Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (628), however, our world history stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we showed that his definition is suitable.
For the details, see the references and the site: http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/
We wrote a global book manuscript \cite{s18} with 154 pages
and stated in the preface and last section of the manuscript as follows:
\bigskip
{\bf Preface}
\medskip
The division by zero has a long and mysterious story over the world (see, for example, H. G. Romig \cite{romig} and Google site with the division by zero) with its physical viewpoints since the document of zero in India on AD 628. In particular, note that Brahmagupta (598 -668 ?) established the four arithmetic operations by introducing $0$ and at the same time he defined as $0/0=0$ in
Brhmasphuasiddhnta. Our world history, however, stated that his definition $0/0=0$ is wrong over 1300 years, but, we will see that his definition is right and suitable.
The division by zero $1/0=0/0=z/0$ itself will be quite clear and trivial with several natural extensions of the fractions against the mysterously long history, as we can see from the concepts of the Moore-Penrose generalized inverses or the Tikhonov regularization method to the fundamental equation $az=b$, whose solution leads to the definition $z =b/a$.
However, the result (definition) will show that
for the elementary mapping
\begin{equation}
W = \frac{1}{z},
\end{equation}
the image of $z=0$ is $W=0$ ({\bf should be defined from the form}). This fact seems to be a curious one in connection with our well-established popular image for the point at infinity on the Riemann sphere (\cite{ahlfors}). �As the representation of the point at infinity of the Riemann sphere by the
zero $z = 0$, we will see some delicate relations between $0$ and $\infty$ which show a strong
discontinuity at the point of infinity on the Riemann sphere. We did not consider any value of the elementary function $W =1/ z $ at the origin $z = 0$, because we did not consider the division by zero
$1/ 0$ in a good way. Many and many people consider its value by the limiting like $+\infty $ and $- \infty$ or the
point at infinity as $\infty$. However, their basic idea comes from {\bf continuity} with the common sense or
based on the basic idea of Aristotle. --
For the related Greece philosophy, see \cite{a,b,c}. However, as the division by zero we will consider its value of
the function $W =1 /z$ as zero at $z = 0$. We will see that this new definition is valid widely in
mathematics and mathematical sciences, see (\cite{mos,osm}) for example. Therefore, the division by zero will give great impacts to calculus, Euclidean geometry, analytic geometry, differential equations, complex analysis in the undergraduate level and to our basic ideas for the space and universe.
We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics in our undergraduate level. Our common sense on the division by zero will be wrong, with our basic idea on the space and the universe since Aristotle and Euclid. We would like to show clearly these facts in this book. The content is in the undergraduate level.
\bigskip
\bigskip
{\bf Conclusion}
\medskip
Apparently, the common sense on the division by zero with a long and mysterious history is wrong and our basic idea on the space around the point at infinity is also wrong since Euclid. On the gradient or on derivatives we have a great missing since $\tan (\pi/2) = 0$. Our mathematics is also wrong in elementary mathematics on the division by zero.
This book is an elementary mathematics on our division by zero as the first publication of books for the topics. The contents have wide connections to various fields beyond mathematics. The author expects the readers write some philosophy, papers and essays on the division by zero from this simple source book.
The division by zero theory may be developed and expanded greatly as in the author's conjecture whose break theory was recently given surprisingly and deeply by Professor Qi'an Guan \cite{guan} since 30 years proposed in \cite{s88} (the original is in \cite {s79}).
We have to arrange globally our modern mathematics with our division by zero in our undergraduate level.
We have to change our basic ideas for our space and world.
We have to change globally our textbooks and scientific books on the division by zero.
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{ahlfors}
L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966.
\bibitem{cs}
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
\bibitem{guan}
Q. Guan, A proof of Saitoh's conjecture for conjugate Hardy H2 kernels, arXiv:1712.04207.
\bibitem{kmsy}
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$,
Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
\bibitem{ms16}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, {\bf 6}(2016), 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.62007.
\bibitem{ms18}
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Submitted for publication)
\bibitem{mms18}
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.
\bibitem{msy}
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. {\bf 6}(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1.html
\bibitem{mos}
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, {\bf 2}8(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.
\bibitem{osm}
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), {\bf 1}(2017), 70-77.
\bibitem{os}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh, The Descartes circles theorem and division by zero calculus. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04961 (2017.11.14).
\bibitem{o}
H. Okumura, Wasan geometry with the division by 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06947 International Journal of Geometry.
\bibitem{os18}
H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Applications of the division by zero calculus to Wasan geometry.
(Submitted for publication).
\bibitem{ps18}
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.
\bibitem{romig}
H. G. Romig, Discussions: Early History of Division by Zero,
American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. {\bf 3}1, No. 8. (Oct., 1924), pp. 387-389.
\bibitem{s79}
S. Saitoh, The Bergman norm and the Szeg$\ddot{o}$ norm, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. {\bf 249} (1979), no. 2, 261--279.
\bibitem{s88}
S. Saitoh, Theory of reproducing kernels and its applications. Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics Series, {\bf 189}. Longman Scientific \& Technical, Harlow; copublished in the United States with John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., New York, 1988. x+157 pp. ISBN: 0-582-03564-3
\bibitem{s14}
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
\bibitem{s16}
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .
\bibitem{s17}
S. Saitoh, Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity、
arXiv:1712.09467 [math.GM](2017.12.17).
\bibitem{s18}
S. Saitoh, Division by zero calculus (154 pages: draft): （http://okmr.yamatoblog.net/）
\bibitem{ttk}
S.-E. Takahasi, M. Tsukada and Y. Kobayashi, Classification of continuous fractional binary operations on the real and complex fields, Tokyo Journal of Mathematics, {\bf 38}(2015), no. 2, 369-380.
\bibitem{a}
https://philosophy.kent.edu/OPA2/sites/default/files/012001.pdf
\bibitem{b}
http://publish.uwo.ca/~jbell/The 20Continuous.pdf
\bibitem{c}
http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath526/kmath526.htm
\bibitem{ann179}
Announcement 179 (2014.8.30): Division by zero is clear as z/0=0 and it is fundamental in mathematics.
\bibitem{ann185}
Announcement 185 (2014.10.22): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann237}
Announcement 237 (2015.6.18): A reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$ by geometrical optics.
\bibitem{ann246}
Announcement 246 (2015.9.17): An interpretation of the division by zero $1/0=0$ by the gradients of lines.
\bibitem{ann247}
Announcement 247 (2015.9.22): The gradient of y-axis is zero and $\tan (\pi/2) =0$ by the division by zero $1/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann250}
Announcement 250 (2015.10.20): What are numbers? - the Yamada field containing the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann252}
Announcement 252 (2015.11.1): Circles and
curvature - an interpretation by Mr.
Hiroshi Michiwaki of the division by
zero $r/0 = 0$.
\bibitem{ann281}
Announcement 281 (2016.2.1): The importance of the division by zero $z/0=0$.
\bibitem{ann282}
Announcement 282 (2016.2.2): The Division by Zero $z/0=0$ on the Second Birthday.
\bibitem{ann293}
Announcement 293 (2016.3.27): Parallel lines on the Euclidean plane from the viewpoint of division by zero 1/0=0.
\bibitem{ann300}
Announcement 300 (2016.05.22): New challenges on the division by zero z/0=0.
\bibitem{ann326}
Announcement 326 (2016.10.17): The division by zero z/0=0 - its impact to human beings through education and research.
\bibitem{ann352}
Announcement 352(2017.2.2): On the third birthday of the division by zero z/0=0.
\bibitem{ann354}
Announcement 354(2017.2.8): What are $n = 2,1,0$ regular polygons inscribed in a disc? -- relations of $0$ and infinity.
\bibitem{362}
Announcement 362(2017.5.5): Discovery of the division by zero as $0/0=1/0=z/0=0$
\bibitem{380}
Announcement 380 (2017.8.21): What is the zero?
\bibitem{388}
Announcement 388(2017.10.29): Information and ideas on zero and division by zero (a project).
\bibitem{409}
Announcement 409 (2018.1.29.): Various Publication Projects on the Division by Zero.
\bibitem{410}
Announcement 410 (2018.1 30.): What is mathematics? -- beyond logic; for great challengers on the division by zero.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
再生核研究所声明371（2017.6.27）ゼロ除算の講演― 国際会議 https://sites.google.com/site/sandrapinelas/icddea-2017 報告
1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12276045402.html
1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
http://ameblo.jp/syoshinoris/entry-12263708422.html
1/0=0、0/0=0、z/0=0
ソクラテス・プラトン・アリストテレス その他
ゼロ除算の論文リスト：
List of division by zero:
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, 2016, 6, 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.201....
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.)
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. (Submitted for publication).
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. 6(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1....
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics).
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .
List of division by zero:
L. P. Castro and S. Saitoh, Fractional functions and their representations, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory {\bf7} (2013), no. 4, 1049-1063.
M. Kuroda, H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh, and M. Yamane,
New meanings of the division by zero and interpretations on $100/0=0$ and on $0/0=0$, Int. J. Appl. Math. {\bf 27} (2014), no 2, pp. 191-198, DOI: 10.12732/ijam.v27i2.9.
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Matrices and division by zero z/0=0,
Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory, 2016, 6, 51-58
Published Online June 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/alamt
\\ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.201....
T. Matsuura and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and singular integrals. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics.)
T. Matsuura, H. Michiwaki and S. Saitoh,
$\log 0= \log \infty =0$ and applications. (Submitted for publication).
H. Michiwaki, S. Saitoh and M.Yamada,
Reality of the division by zero $z/0=0$. IJAPM International J. of Applied Physics and Math. 6(2015), 1--8. http://www.ijapm.org/show-63-504-1....
H. Michiwaki, H. Okumura and S. Saitoh,
Division by Zero $z/0 = 0$ in Euclidean Spaces,
International Journal of Mathematics and Computation, 28(2017); Issue 1, 2017), 1-16.
H. Okumura, S. Saitoh and T. Matsuura, Relations of $0$ and $\infty$,
Journal of Technology and Social Science (JTSS), 1(2017), 70-77.
S. Pinelas and S. Saitoh,
Division by zero calculus and differential equations. (Differential and Difference Equations with Applications. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics \& Statistics).
S. Saitoh, Generalized inversions of Hadamard and tensor products for matrices, Advances in Linear Algebra \& Matrix Theory. {\bf 4} (2014), no. 2, 87--95. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ALAMT/
S. Saitoh, A reproducing kernel theory with some general applications,
Qian,T./Rodino,L.(eds.): Mathematical Analysis, Probability and Applications - Plenary Lectures: Isaac 2015, Macau, China, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics, {\bf 177}(2016), 151-182. (Springer) .
Title page of Leonhard Euler, Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra, Vol. 1 (edition of 1771, first published in 1770), and p. 34 from Article 83, where Euler explains why a number divided by zero gives infinity.
私は数学を信じない。 アルバート・アインシュタイン / I don't believe in mathematics. Albert Einstein→ゼロ除算ができなかったからではないでしょうか。
ドキュメンタリー 2017: 神の数式 第２回 宇宙はなぜ生まれたのか
〔NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第3回 宇宙はなぜ始まったのか
NHKスペシャル〕神の数式 完全版 第1回 この世は何からできているのか
NHKスペシャル 神の数式 完全版 第4回 異次元宇宙は存在するか
再生核研究所声明 411(2018.02.02): ゼロ除算発見4周年を迎えて
ゼロ除算の論文
Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity
Mysterious Properties of the Point at Infinity
Algebraic division by zero implemented as quasigeometric multiplication by infinity in real and complex multispatial hyperspaces
Author: Jakub Czajko, 92(2) (2018) 171-197
WSN 92(2) (2018) 171-197
Author: Jakub Czajko, 92(2) (2018) 171-197
WSN 92(2) (2018) 171-197
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